Generic Drugs

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors are a class of drugs that inhibit or block an enzyme known as phosphodiesterase (PDE).  PDEs naturally break down phosphate groups and lower cAMP or cGMP into target cells. PDE inhibitors are classified according to the enzymes for which they act as non-specific inhibitors of PDE5, PDE4, and PDE3. Inhibitors of PDE3 have positive inotropic, vasodilatory, and antiplatelet effects in acute heart failure and peripheral vascular disease.  PDE3 inhibitors are not recommended for long-term use because of their strong cardiostimulatory effect in heart failure patients. PDE4 inhibitors allow bronchial dilatation in severe COPD. PDE5 inhibitors cause pulmonary vasodilation and slackening of the smooth muscle of the penis. They are used in pulmonary arterial hypertension and erectile dysfunction.  It is important to understand that Nitrates or alpha-blockers are highly contraindicated in patients already taking PDE5 inhibitors because of the risk of life-threatening hypotension. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are classified into PDE3 and PDE5 inhibitors PDE3 inhibitors Milrinone Amrinone Cilostazol PDE5 inhibitors Sildenafil Tadalafil Vardenafil Udenafil Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Type 3 (PDE3 Inhibitors) Highlights Some key highlights of this Phosphodiesterase inhibitors class are Milrinone is used for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Amrinone is indicated for the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF).  It can also be used to reduce the symptoms of intermittent claudication (pain in the legs that occurs with walking and disappears with rest). Milrinone It is a vasodilator and can be used as a short-term treatment for treating life-threatening heart failure. Milrinone belongs to a group of drugs known as inotropes, which work by assisting the heart in pumping more blood through the body. Uses Congestive heart failure. Side Effects Common side effects of milrinone include Abnormal heart rhythm, and Dizziness or fainting. Easy bruising or bleeding. Tremors Less common and more severe side effects include feeling like you might pass out, chest pain, low potassium bronchospasm (wheezing, chest tightness, trouble breathing) Consult Your healthcare provider if you have the above side effects. Precautions Do not drive or operate heavy machinery until you know how milrinone affects you. Get out of bed slowly to avoid dizziness or fainting. Amrinone Amrinone (or inamrinone) is a type 3 pyridine phosphodiesterase inhibitor. It is a positive inotropic with vasodilating properties. Mechanism Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor activity and how to stimulate the influx of calcium ions into the heart cell. Amrinone is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE3), leading to increased cAMP and cGMP, increased calcium input, and increased inotropic effect. The main excretion route in humans is urine, both by inamrinone and various metabolites (N-glycolyl, N-acetate, glucuronide, and N-glucuronide). The chemical interaction with precipitates occurs with amrinone and dextrose or furosemide. Therefore, a mixture of drugs should be avoided. Uses It is used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Side Effects Common side effects of amrinone include Upset stomach, Lowered platelet counts, and A sudden drop in blood pressure (hypotension). Cilostazol Cilostazol is an antiplatelet aggregate and a vasodilator. It works by preventing blood cells, called platelets, from clumping together and preventing harmful clots’ formation. It also dilates the blood vessels in the legs.  Cilostazol helps the blood to move more quickly and ensures the fluidity of blood in your body. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and vasodilation are important cilostazol mechanisms; they treat intermittent claudication in peripheral arterial disease. Cilostazol appears to have less cardio stimulant effects than milrinone. Uses Cilostazol improves the symptoms of a particular blood flow problem in the legs. Intermittent claudication Cilostazol can decrease the muscle pain/cramps during exercise/walking. Side Effects The most common adverse effects of cilostazol are: abdominal pain, abnormal stool headache, diarrhea, nausea, upper respiratory tract infections, fluid retention, abnormal heartbeats. dizziness and runny nose. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Type 5 (PDE5 Inhibitors) Highlights These drugs are used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction They are also used for pulmonary hypertension. Sildenafil Sildenafil belongs to a group of drugs known as Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors type 5 (Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors) and is used to treat male sexual function problems (impotence or erectile dysfunction-ED). In combination with sexual stimulation, sildenafil increases blood flow to the penis to help a man get and keep an erection. Uses It is most commonly used for two primary conditions such as Erectile dysfunctions Pulmonary hypertension Side Effects The most common side effects include: Nasal congestion Headaches Indigestion Impaired vision Photophobia, or sensitivity to light Less commonly, some users have experienced cyanopsia, where everything appears to have a tinted blue tinge. Tadalafil It is in a class of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors type-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, including sildenafil and vardenafil. Uses Tadalafil is an oral drug that is used for Treating impotence (the inability to attain or maintain a penile erection) and Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Side Effects The most common side effects of tadalafil are headaches, facial flushing stomach upset, blurred vision, flu-like symptoms, and diarrhea, abnormal ejaculation. Tadalafil also may cause low blood pressure, changes in color vision Vardenafil This drug also belongs to a group of drugs known as Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors type -5 (PDE5) inhibitors. Other agents of this group are sildenafil and udenafil. The mechanism of action is the same as that of sildenafil. Uses It is used in the treatment of Erectile dysfunction Side Effects Common side effects include Headache stuffy or runny nose dizziness flushing stomach upset

Hyoscyamine belongs to a group of prescription drugs known as anticholinergic drugs. It is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including  irritable bowel syndrome, cramp, and peptic ulcers; It is also used for rigidity, excess saliva in parkinsonism, tremors, and used as a drying agent in acute rhinitis. Hyoscyamine Uses Hyoscyamine is used to treat and prevent many different conditions. some of the uses of Hyoscyamine are; It can be used to treat stomach/intestinal issues like cramps and irritable bowel syndrome. Hyoscyamine can also be used for cramping pain brought on by kidney stones and Infection. This drug can also be used for treatment of bladder spasms, Peptic ulcer disease, Diverticulitis, Colic, Irritable bowel syndrome, Cystitis, and Pancreatitis. Also used to treat certain heart conditions, To control the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and rhinitis. Mechanism of action Hyoscyamine competes favorably with acetylcholine for the binding of muscarinic receptors in the saliva, bronchial and forearm of the gastrointestinal tract. This drug works by reducing the production of acid in the stomach, slowing down normal bowel movements and relaxing the muscles of many organs (such as the intestines, intestines, kidneys, liver and kidneys). Intestine). The activities of hyoscyamine result in a decrease in the secretions of sweat,  bronchi, gastric and sweat glands, mydriasis, cycloplegia, heart rate change, regeneration of the bladder detrusor muscle and gastrointestinal musculature, and reduced gastrointestinal motility. Hyoscyamine further reduces the amount of specific body fluids (eg, saliva, sweating). Side Effects of Hyoscyamine The following is a list of possible side effects that may occur with medicines containing iosciamin sulfate. This is not a complete list. These side effects are possible but do not always occur. Some side effects can be rare but serious. Ask your doctor if you notice any of the following symptoms, especially if they do not disappear. Frequent side effects of hyoscyamine include the following: Dizziness or lightheadedness headache Infection blurry vision dry mouth constipation flushing (feeling of warmth) difficulty urinating abdominal cramps increased sensitivity to light drowsiness choking This isn’t a comprehensive list of all hyoscyamine side effects. Consult your physician or pharmacist to learn more. Precautions: Before taking hyoscyamine, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it or if you have other allergies. Limit alcoholic beverages while taking this medication. This medication can increase the risk of heat stroke as it reduces sweating. Avoid overheating in hot weather, in saunas, in sporting activities or in other exhausting activities. This medication can cause dizziness or drowsiness or cause blurred vision. Do not drive, operate machinery or perform activities that require attention or clear vision until you are sure you can perform these activities safely. Older people may be more sensitive to the side effects of this medication, including confusion, drowsiness, unusual agitation, constipation and difficulty in urination. Confusion and drowsiness can increase the risk of falling. If you have some diseases, such as prostate enlargement, urinary tract disorders, some gastrointestinal problems (slow, constipation, ulcerative colitis, infections), glaucoma (narrow angle type, untreated open angle type), Children may be more sensitive to the effects of this medicine. If you have heart problems with severe bleeding. Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, including: hyperthyroidism, other heart problems (eg, coronary heart disease, heart failure, rapid heart rate, irregular heartbeat), hypertension, disease kidney, pyrosis (acid reflux, hiatal hernia)), problems of the nervous system (autonomic neuropathy), myasthenia gravis. You should only use iosciamin if it is clearly necessary during pregnancy. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. This medicine passes into breast milk. Ask your doctor before breast-feeding. Pregnancy & Breast feeding Hyoscyamine could damage an unborn baby. You need to tell your doctor if you’re pregnant or intend to become pregnant. You need to speak with your physician before breastfeeding while taking the medication. Interactions: Antacids can inhibit absorption. Additive anticholinergic effects with other anticholinergics, type I antiarrhythmics, antihistamines, phenothiazines, tricyclics, MAOIs. It interact with the following drugs and products: Amitriptyline Amantadine Antihistamines Haloperidol Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Scopolamine Codeine Thioridazine Ketoconazole Dose The dose depends on the medical conditions and the response to treatment. You should not increase the dose or take more than prescribed without first talking to your doctor. Adults and children 12 years of age and older should not take more than 1.5 milligrams (mg) of hyoscyamine daily. Children aged 2 to 12 years should not take more than 0.75 mg per day. You should take this medication orally, usually 30 to 60 minutes before a meal, and drink plenty of fluids while you take it. Usual recommended Adult dose is  1-2 tabs sublingually, swallowed, or chewed each four hrs or as desired; maximum 12 tabs/day. Usual recommended Childrens dose for  more than 2 years  1/2 -1 tabs sublingually, swallowed, or chewed every 4 hrs or as required; maximum 6 tabs/day. For Children age  less than 2 years it is not recommended. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS) Why Hyoscyamine is Prescribed? It can be used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diverticulosis and / or bladder cramps. Is hyoscyamine sulfate safe to use during pregnancy? You should only use iosciamin if it is clearly necessary during pregnancy. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. Is Hyoscyaminsulfate safe while breastfeeding? No, this drug can cause unexpected side effects for the fetus. It can also cross the breast milk, thats why its contraindicated in breastfeeding. How do you take hyoscyamine? This drug should be taken between 30 and 60 minutes before eating. It should never be taken with antacids (such as Tums or Rolaids), since these drugs can reduce the absorption of levsin in the body. Wait at least an hour after taking levsin to take antacids. Is it safe to drive or handle heavy machinery when using this product? They can become dizzy or drowsy or cause blurred vision. Do not drive, operate machinery or perform activities that require attention or clear vision until you are sure you can perform these activities safely. What to

Lorazepam belongs to a class of medications called benzodiazepines. This medicine works by improving the action of a particular natural chemical (GABA). This medicine can be used in the short term for the treatment of sleep disorders. Insomnia is a medical condition that causes low sleep quality and insufficient sleep over a prolonged period. They affect the brain and nerves (central nervous system) and have a calming effect that relieves anxiety symptoms. It is a medication prescribed for the treatment of anxiety. It is available as different brand names, but the most popular brand is Ativan. It is available on prescription only, and it comes in tablet and liquid dosage form. It is not allowed and is dangerous to purchase this medicine from online or offline pharmacies. Lorazepam Uses It is used to treat and prevent the following conditions Anxious mood Panic disorder Insomnia Social anxiety disorder Generalized anxiety disorder Mechanism of action Lorazepam binds to GABA-A receptors, which are ionotropic pentamer receptors in the CNS. The association potentiates the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, which, when combined, opens the chloride channel into the receptor, allowing the chloride to enter and cause hyperpolarization of the neuron. As this drug increases the activity of GABA in the brain, it increases these calming effects. Precautions You should not take this medication if you have: Myasthenia gravis; Narrow-angle glaucoma; If you have a history of an allergic reaction to any benzodiazepine. To make sure it is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have: Epilepsy; kidney or liver disease Open-angle glaucoma; Asthma or other breathing disorder; Lorazepam Side effects More common side effects The more common side effects of Lorazepam include: Dizziness Drowsiness Weakness Some people may also experience less frequent side effects, such as: Lack of coordination Confusion Fatigue Depression Restlessness Headache While Serious side effects can include the following: Breathing effects. Psychological and physical dependence Serious allergic reactions. Suicidal thoughts. Interaction Tell your doctor if you are already taking other medicines like Anti Anxiety medication Aminophylline or theophylline; Probenecid Antidepressant; Narcotic pain medicine; Phenobarbital Seizure medicine; Cold or allergy medicine Sleep medicine, Dosage for Lorazepam The dose of Lorazepam will be adjusted to the needs of the patient. The usual dose for treating anxiety is 2 to 6 mg orally every 8 to 12 hours as needed. Insomnia is treated with 2-4 mg at bedtime. It is recommended not to use it for longer than four weeks. Pharmacokinetics The duration of action of Lorazepam following IM administration is about 6-8 hours, and the peak plasma concentration is 60-90 minutes. The average sedative dose is 2 mg. Frequently Asked Questions  1. Is it safe to take during pregnancy? Do not use Lorazepam if you are pregnant. This medicine can cause congenital disabilities. Your baby can also become addicted to drugs. This can lead to fatal withdrawal symptoms of the baby after birth. Babies born dependent on the usual generators may need to be medically treated for several weeks. If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, talk to your doctor. Use effective contraception to prevent pregnancy while taking this drug. 2. Is Lorazepam safe during breastfeeding? Lorazepam can pass into breast milk and harm a baby. It would help if you did not breastfeed while using this drug. 3. Can you drive while taking Lorazepam? Lorazepam causes drowsiness and muscle weakness and may affect your ability to concentrate, alertness, and judgment. These effects can last until the next day. Do not drive or operate machinery. If you have ever received this drug during minor outpatient treatment, it is essential to have someone else available to accompany you to your home. You are not allowed to drive in the next 24 to 48 hours. 4. Can you drink alcohol with Lorazepam? No, it would help if you did not drink any alcohol while taking Lorazepam or the day after taking it because this drug’s effect may last until the next day. Alcohol can affect you more than usual when you take benzodiazepine. It will probably also make drowsiness worse and cause concentration, alertness, coordination, and judgment problems. It can also cause you to lose your inhibitions or prevent you from controlling your emotions.

LSD or lysergic acid diethylamide is a synthetic chemical and a psychedelic drug derived from a chemical found in the rye fungus. It is best known for its use during the counterculture of the 1960s, and the resulting ban gave him a rather negative reputation. Psychedelics are drugs that can induce an altered state, perhaps best described as a dream state, for a number of minutes or hours, depending on the specific psychedelic. LSD is a white crystalline substance with no odor. However, LSD is so powerful that a low dose of a pure drug is so effective that it is virtually invisible. As a result, it is usually diluted with other materials. The most common form of LSD consists of drops of dried LSD solution on gelatin sheets, pieces of absorbent paper or pieces of sugar that release the drug when ingested. It is also sometimes sold in liquid, tablet or capsule form. In 1938, Albert Hofmann, a Swiss scientist, synthesized LSD in his laboratory in Zurich, Switzerland. Unexpectedly, he discovered his hallucinogenic effects in 1943, when a small amount came into contact with his skin. LSD is an extremely powerful hallucinogen with tremendous therapeutic, spiritual and cultural potential. It is also Known as “acid” and with many other names, It is sold on the street in the form of small tablets (“microdots”), capsules or jelly (“windows”). Sometimes LSD is added to paper towels, which are then divided into small squares decorated with drawings or comic characters. Sometimes it is sold in liquid form. But no matter what form you get, It takes the user to the same place, a serious disconnect from reality. Users of this drug called a “trip” an LSD experience, which typically lasts about twelve hours. When things go wrong, what happens often, we talk about “bad journey”, another name for a living hell. Chemical Structure Mechanism It stimulates the production of serotonin in the cortex and deep brain structures by activating serotonin receptors. These receivers help visualize and interpret the real world. Extra serotonin allows more stimuli to be treated than usual. Normally, the brain filters irrelevant stimuli, but with LSD this is not the case. This overstimulation causes changes in thought, attention, perceptions, and emotions. These alterations appear as hallucinations. The sensations seem real, but they are created by the mind. Perceptions can involve one or more of the five senses. This can also cause a mixture of senses called synesthesia. People report “hearing” colors and “sighted” sounds. LSD Uses LSD is currently listed in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, the most penalized category of drugs. Schedule I drugs are considered “high potential for abuse” and no medical use currently accepted. The production and sale of this drug are illegal in many countries, but some people have requested its reclassification. According to them, this could be useful for research and development purposes of clinical applications. However, scientists considered psychedelics as promising treatments to help treat a wide range of psychiatric diagnoses, including alcoholism, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and depression. Recent results of epidemiological studies have shown lower rates of mental and suicidal disorders among people who have used psychedelics such as LSD. It is used for the following purposes It is used as a Recreational drug It is used as a spiritual drug because it can catalyze intense spiritual experiences Currently, there is no medical use approved by the authorities. Hazards Following are some health hazards of using this drug. This may not be the full list you can consult your doctor after experiencing the following or other severe risks. LSD users often suffer from loss of appetite, insomnia, dry mouth and tremors. Visual changes are among the most common effects: the user can choose the intensity of certain colors. Body temperature can rise or fall as blood pressure and heart rate increase or decrease. Sweating or chills are not uncommon. He also feels extreme mood swings, ranging from “feeling of happiness” too intense terror. The worst is that the LSD user cannot identify the sensations produced by the drug and those that are part of reality. Not only do they separate themselves from the usual activities of life, but they also feel the need to take more and more drugs to try the same sensation again. Others experience terrible and terrible thoughts and feelings, they fear losing control of their lives, they fear madness and death and despair when they use LSD. Once started, a “bad trip” often cannot be stopped, which can take up to twelve hours. In fact, some people never recover from acid-induced psychosis. Some users of this drug experience intense happiness that they confuse with “lighting”. At a sufficiently large dose, LSD creates delusions and visual hallucinations. The time and the sense of the user’s self-defense. The dimensions and shapes of objects are distorted, as are movements, colors, and sounds. Even touch and normal bodily sensations become something strange and strange. The sensations seem to overlap, giving the user the feeling of feeling the colors and seeing the sounds. These changes can be scary and cause panic. Many users have flashbacks or repetitions of the LSD path, often without warning, long after taking LSD. The ability to make reasonable decisions and identify common risks is compromised. An LSD user can attempt to exit a window to “look” at the floor. You might find it fun to watch the sunset without rejoicing that you’re in the middle of a busy intersection. As LSD accumulates in the body, users develop tolerance to the drug. In other words, some repeat users have to take them at ever higher doses to reach a “high level”. This increases both the physical impact and the risk of miscarriage, which can lead to psychosis. Management errors and backtracking are just some of the risks of using LSD. Users of this drug may have a relatively long psychosis or severe depression. How do you take it? LSD is always taken orally and injected for

Deriphyllin tablet is a combination medicine used in the prevention of wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness associated with lung diseases such as Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ). Deriphyllin is the brand name for the combination of two very similar generic drugs: Etophylline and Theophylline. Etofyline – also called etophylline, is a modified form of Theophylline. Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used under various brands in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. It relaxes the muscles evenly, also known as bronchodilatation. This causes dilation of the bronchial muscles. It simply means that the space in the lungs expands so that more air can be received and it can easily enter and exit the lungs. In response to stimuli, it helps to increase the supply of air into the lungs. It is manufactured by Zydus Cadila and contains the drugs Etofillina and Theophylline. Deriphyllin Tablet Uses Deriphyllin tablet is used in the treatment and prevention of the following medical conditions Asthma Difficulty in breathing Chest tightness Shortness of breath Wheezing Breath shortness Breathlessness Interruption of breathing in newborns Chronic Asthma Side Effects Common side effects associated with the use of Deriphyllin are Nausea Vomiting Restlessness Headache Stomach upset Other side effects include Palpitation Seizure and Tremors Diuresis Precautions Avoid Derphyllin the following conditions or discuss with your health care providers in case of the following conditions Cardiac failure, Epilepsy, Hyperthyroidism, Hypertension, Renal or hepatic dysfunction, History of peptic ulcer disease, Diabetes mellitus, Glaucoma, Chronic alcoholism, Severe hypoxemia, Acute febrile illness, COPD, Pregnancy And Lactation. Interactions If you use other medicines or over-the-counter products at the same time, the effects of Deriphyllin may vary. This can increase the risk of side effects or prevent the medicine from working properly. Consult your doctor before taking Deriphyllin medicines with the following medicine as it may worsen the side effects. Carbamazepine, Fluvoxamine, Diuretic Drugs Phenytoin and Propranolol. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Tramadol The doctor will help you get the right dosage and ask you to stop one of the medications or give you a substitute for Deriphyllin. Dosage The recommended dose for the drug is 400 or 600 mg once a day in the morning or evening. The usual Adult and Child oral dose for acute bronchospasm is 5 mg/kg every 6-8 hours. The usual adult oral dose for chronic bronchospasm is 300-1000 mg in divided doses every 6-8 hours daily. As modified-release preparations: 175-500 mg every 12 hours. The usual Initial dose in neonates 24 days for apnoea is 1 mg/kg every 12 hours; >24 days: 1.5 mg/kg every 12 hours. The usual Parenteral Adult dose for Severe bronchospasm is 4-5 mg/kg as the initial dose, through infusion, over 20-30 minutes, followed by maintenance: 0.4 mg/kg/hr. The usual Child dose for Severe bronchospasm is 4-5 mg/kg as an initial dose, through infusion, over 20-30 minutes, followed by a maintenance dose of 1-9 yr: 0.8 mg/kg/hour; less than nine years: 0.6-0.7 mg/kg/hour. Frequently Asked Questions   What is DeriphyllinTablet? Deriphyllin Tablet is the brand name of a combination of two active ingredients, namely, theophylline and etophylline. Both of these drugs work as bronchodilators. What is Deriphyllin used for? It is used for different conditions like Asthma, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, etc. What are the side effects of Deriphyllin? Common side effects of taking Deriphyllin are Nausea, Vomiting, Stomach Upset, Diuresis, palpitations, etc. Check above. Can Deriphyllin be taken after food or before food? Deriphyllin Tablet is to be taken on an empty stomach. Take this medicine 1 hour before or 2 hours after food. You can take it with food if stomach upset occurs. Is Deriphyllin safe in pregnancy? No, it is not safe for pregnant women to take the tablet since it belongs to the drug group known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are used to treat obsessive disorder. Is Deriphyllin safe during breastfeeding? You should always consult before starting the medication and clear all the possible benefits and risks before the consumption of the medicine. Can Deriphyllin provide relief from Asthma? Yes, this medicine can provide relief from Asthma. However, one should consult a doctor before taking this drug. Is it safe to take with alcohol? Deriphyllin Tablets may cause excessive drowsiness with alcohol. Can I drive while taking the Deriphyllin Tablet? It is not known whether Deriphyllin Tablet alters the ability to drive. Do not drive if you experience any symptoms that affect your ability to concentrate and react. Is it a Habit-forming drug? Many medicines do not come with the potential to cause addiction or abuse. It is advised to consult the doctor and check the product package to make sure that medicines do not belong to such a category. What Happens if I miss a dose of Deriphyllin? You should immediately take the missed dose the moment you remember but should avoid it if it is the time of the next dosage. It is necessary that you skip the missed dose in such cases and not double up the dosage next time. What happens if I overdose on Deriphyllin? In cases of overdose, you must visit a doctor immediately, as the side effects can cause serious health problems. Therefore, it is important that you stick to the dosages as prescribed. What Happens if I take an expired dose of Deriphylline? Taking a single dose of the expired tablet might not cause any harm. It is advised to take the tablet as instructed. An expired drug may not be effective in treating your illness, but it may cause some adverse effects on your health, which can be harmful if it is not treated on time. Read Next: More Generic Medicine and Brand Medicine

Heparin belongs to a group of medications known as anticoagulants. Anticoagulants work by reducing coagulability and helping Stop clots to form in blood vessels. Anticoagulants are sometimes referred to as “blood thinners,” although they do not actually agitate the blood. Heparin does not dissolve the already formed blood clots, but could prevent the formation of formed clots, which increase and cause serious problems. It is used during dialysis, blood transfusions and blood sampling. It is also given prior to surgery to reduce the risk of blood clots. It was approved in 1939 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Heparin Uses Heparin can be used to treat and prevent the following conditions and symptoms: Prevention of peripheral artery thromboembolism Prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism Blood clot in the lung Prevention of blood clot in the lung Blood clotting disorders Peripheral artery obstruction Heart attack Acute syndrome of the heart Blood clot in a deep vein Treatment of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, unstable angina pectoris and acute peripheral arterial occlusion. Prevention of blood clot following percutaneous coronary intervention Heparin Mechanism of Action Heparin interacts with the natural plasma protein antithrombin III to induce a Conformational change that significantly improves the activity of the antithrombin III serine protease, As a result, the activated coagulation factors, in particular Xa, are involved in the coagulation sequence and IIa. Small amounts of heparin inhibit the Xa factor and larger amounts inhibit thrombin (Factor IIa). Heparin also prevents the formation of a stable fibrin clot by inhibiting the activation of fibrin Stabilizing factor. Heparin has no fibrinolytic activity. Therefore, the existing lumps will not lyse. Heparin reversibly binds to antithrombin III (ATIII) and leads to an almost immediate inactivation of factors IIa and Xa. The heparin-ATIII complex may also inactivate factors IX, XI, XII and plasmin. The mechanism of action of heparin is ATIII-dependent. It works primarily by accelerating the neutralization rate of some antithrombin-activated coagulation factors, but other mechanisms may be involved. The antithrombotic effect of heparin correlates well with the inhibition of factor Xa. Heparin is not thrombolytic or fibrinolytic. Prevents the progression of existing blood clots by inhibiting further coagulation. The lysis of the existing clots is based on endogenous thrombolytics. Heparin Mechanism of Action is by stopping the formation of blood clots in the veins. It can prevent the formation of blood clots or stop the formation of blood clots that are formed by the increase. Pregnancy and Heparin It is not known if heparin can harm an unborn child. However, this drug is sometimes used alone or with aspirin to prevent loss of pregnancy or other problems in pregnant women. Talk to your doctor about the risks of using heparin during pregnancy. This drug doesn’t cross the Breast milk but Do not use this medicine during breast-feeding without first consulting your doctor. Precautions Tell your doctor or pharmacist before taking this medicine Allergic to it; or other ingredients contained in these formulations. Tell your doctor or pharmacist about your medical history, in particular about: bleeding / blood problems (such as low platelet count, hemophilia), high blood pressure (hypertension), heart problems (such as heart attack, heart attack). To reduce the risk of cuts, bruises or injuries, be careful with sharp objects such as razors and nail clippers and avoid activities such as contact sports. should not be administered by intramuscular injection or after major trauma. This medicine can cause stomach bleeding. Daily alcohol intake during the use of this medicine increases the risk of stomach bleeding. Limit alcoholic beverages. Tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, non-prescription drugs and herbal products). Caution should be exercised in older adults, particularly women over the age of 60, who may be more sensitive to the side effects of this medicine, particularly bleeding. Heparin should only be used in pregnant women when clearly necessary. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. It does not enter breast milk. Ask your doctor before breast-feeding. Heparin Side effects More common side effects The more common side effects of this drug include: Bleeding that takes longer to stop Bruising more easily Allergic reactions, such as hives, chills, and fever Increased liver enzymes on liver function test results Irritation, pain, redness, or sores at the injection site Dizziness Weakness Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following: Headaches Serious allergic reactions. Severe bleeding. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Interaction Medications that increase the risk of bleeding will add to the effects of heparin and further increase the risk of bleeding that is associated with heparin. Such medications include Aspirin, Clopidogrel Warfarin, Other anticoagulants, Ibuprofen Naproxen Diclofenac and others. Heparin Doses Adult Heparin Dose Continuous Intravenous Infusion Usual Adult Initial Dose of Heparin for Deep Vein Thrombosis is 10,000 units IV infusion and then a Maintenance dose of 5000 to 10,000 units IV every 4 to 6 hours. Usual Adult initial Dose for Deep Vein Thrombosis (Prophylaxis) is 5000 units by IV continous infusion and a Maintenance dose of 20,000 to 40,000 units per 24 hours by continuous IV infusion. Usual Adult and initial Dose for Prevention of Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation is 5000 units by Continuous IV infusion and then Maintenance dose of 20,000 to 40,000 units per 24 hours by continuous IV infusion. Usual Adult initial Dose of Heparin for Pulmonary Embolism 5000 units by Continuous IV infusion and then Maintenance dose of 20,000 to 40,000 units per 24 hours by continuous IV infusion. Usual Adult initial Dose for Thrombotic/Thromboembolic Disorder is 5000 units by Continuous IV infusion and then a Maintenance dose of 20,000 to 40,000 units per 24 hours by continuous IV infusion. Usual Adult Dose for Blood Transfusion is Addition of 400 to 600 USP units per 100 mL of whole blood is usually employed to prevent coagulation. Intermittent Intravenous Injection Usual initial dose is 10,000 Units, in 50—100 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection. Then After every 4-6 hours  5000—10,000 Units, in 50—100 mL of

Leflunomide is an oral medication that can be used to treat psoriatic arthritis and moderate to severe psoriasis. It belongs to a class of drugs called disease-modifying anti-inflammatory drugs (DMARDs). This class of drugs can reduce joint damage and disability caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Leflunomide is often used to treat rheumatoid arthritis alone or in combination with other DMARDs. It was approved by the FDA in September 1998. The FDA initially approved leflunomide for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Technically, leflunomide has never been approved by the FDA for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Leflunomide Uses It is used in the treatment and prevention of the following conditions Rheumatoid arthritis psoriatic arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus Arthritis pain Mechanism Leflunomide reduces inflammation by suppressing the activity of immune cells responsible for inflammation. It suppresses immune cells by inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme necessary for the production of DNA and RNA. Without DNA or RNA, immune cells (and most other types of cells) can not proliferate or function (or exist). Because of its unique and different mechanism of action, it is useful when combined with other drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Contraindications Leflunomide is contraindicated in the following conditions A known allergy to the drug or one of its components. Existing problems with your bone marrow A severe immunodeficiency disease Pregnant women also should not take leflunomide. An existing severe, uncontrolled infection Leflunomide Side effects More common side effects The more common side effects of this drug include: Nausea Headache Abnormal liver tests Diarrhea Stomach upset Rash While Serious side effects can include the following: Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Serious skin disorder. Worsening lung function. Low blood cell counts. Pregnancy And Breast Feeding It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Do not use in pregnant women or those of child-bearing age who do not use a reliable method of contraception. It is not known if it passes into breast milk or may injure a breast-fed baby. Do not breast-feed while taking this medicine. Interactions Tell your doctor if you’re taking any of the following medicines before starting this medicine: Acetaminophen Aspirin Ibuprofen and naproxen Statin drugs Hydroxychloroquine Iron products Laniazid, Rifamate, isoniazid Rifampin Methotrexate Niacin Dose This drug should be taken with a meal. Leflunomide is usually given as a 20 mg tablet once a day. Sometimes patients only receive 10 mg, especially if they have side effects at the highest dose. Doctors often prescribe a “loading dose” that must be taken at the time of the first prescription of the drug. The usual loading dose is 100 mg daily during the first 3 days, followed by 20 mg daily. Doctors can reduce the dose to 10 mg per day if side effects occur. It may take up to four weeks for the arthritis to improve. Related Drugs & Medicines

Celecoxib is used to treat pain or inflammation caused by many conditions including arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and menstrual cramps. Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by reducing the hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body. Celecoxib Uses It is used in the treatment and prevention of the following conditions Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Acute pain, Menstrual symptoms, Painful menstruation and Ankylosing spondylitis and To reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Mechanism This medicine belongs to a class of medications called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A class of medications is a group of medicines that work in a similar way. These medications are often used to treat similar conditions. NSAIDs block an enzyme called cyclo-oxygenase (COX). COX is in your body to produce chemicals that cause pain and inflammation. By blocking COX, NSAIDs like this medicine prevent the formation of these chemicals. This in turn reduces pain and inflammation. Unlike most NSAIDs, which inhibit both types of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), celecoxib is a selective non-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The mechanism of action of Celecoxib is the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting COX-2. Celecoxib Side effects The more common side effects that can occur with celecoxib include: constipation stomach pain heartburn respiratory tract infection diarrhea gas dizziness nausea vomiting headache Serious side effects can include the following: Stroke. Chest pain or heart attack High blood pressure Edema. Bleeding and ulcers in your stomach and intestine. Allergic reactions. Skin reactions Liver problems. Asthma attacks Precautions Do not take celecoxib if you Are allergic to celecoxib or any of the other ingredients of this formulation. Have had an allergic reaction to a group of medicines called “sulphonamides” Currently have an ulcer in your stomach or intestines, or bleeding in your stomach or intestines Are taking acetylsalicylic acid or any other anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving medicine (NSAID) Have severe liver disease Have severe kidney disease Are pregnant. Are breast-feeding Have had asthma, nose polyps, severe nose congestion, or an allergic reaction such as an itchy skin rash, swelling of the face, lips, tongue or throat, breathing difficulties or wheezing Have had problems with your blood circulation (peripheral arterial disease) or if you have had surgery on the arteries of your legs Have an inflammatory disease of the intestines such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease Have heart failure, established ischaemic heart disease, or cerebrovascular disease. Interaction Always consult your healthcare practitioner before using any medication concurrently with celecoxib. Other medications may affect how Celexocib works and Celexocib may affect how the other drugs work. There may be an interaction between celecoxib and any of the following: Phenytoin Furosemide ACE inhibitors Fluconazole or ketoconazole Lithium Aspirin Warfarin This is not a complete list of Medicine which interact with celecoxib. Always ask your GP before using any medicine. Dose The usual recommended dose For the management of osteoarthritis, is 100 mg twice daily or 200 mg as a single dose. The usual recommended dose For rheumatoid arthritis, is 200 mg twice daily. The usual recommended dose  For acute pain or menstrual cramps, the dose is 400 mg as a single dose on the first day followed by an additional 200 mg if needed, then 200 mg twice daily as needed. The usual recommended daily dose is 200 mg taken as a single dose or as 100 mg twice daily. The usual recommended dose  For FAP, is 400 mg twice daily.