Drugs

Beta Blockers

These Drugs are classified Into Two Main Groups; Beta 1 + Beta 2 Blockers Beta 1 Blockers Beta 1 And Beta 2 Blockers Generic Brand Propranolol  Inderal Pindolol  Visken Penbutolol  Levatol Nadolol  Corgard Carteolol  Ocupress Timolol  Blocadren Sotalol  Betapace     Mainly Beta 2 Blockers: Genric Brand Acebutolol  Sectrol Atenolol  Tenormin Alprenolol  Aptin Betaxolol  Kerlone Celiprolol  Selectol Esmolol  Brevibloc Metoprolol  Lopressor, Toprol-XL) Uses : Beta-blockers are a group of prescription drugs and may be used to treat the following Conditions High Blood Pressure Heart Attack Angina Atrial Fibrillation Less commonly used for glaucoma  (as eye drops), Tremor, Anxiety conditions and Hyperthyroidism. Mechanism Of Action: Beta blockers, also called beta-adrenergic blocking agents, inhibit the release of the adrenaline and noradrenaline in certain parts of the body. This results in a slowing of the heart rate and reduces the force at which blood is pumped around your body. Beta-blockers are drugs which make your heart beat more slowly and with less force. Beta-blockers can also block angiotensin II In the kidney which results in lowering the blood pressure.   Beta Blockers Side effects   A slow heart rate and dizziness. One of the ways in which beta-blockers work is to slow down your heart rate. If it becomes too slow, you may feel dizzy. If you’re worried that your heart rate is too slow, see your doctor. Cold hands and feet. You may need to wear gloves and thick socks in cold weather. You may notice this most when you first start taking beta-blockers or if your dose is increased. Other side-effects can include: visual disturbances sleep disturbance, including nightmares  Erectile dysfunction is occasionally a problem for some men who take beta blockers. Note : Make sure you tell your GP if you have a history of: Allergic reaction to any medications Asthma Kidney disease Heart disease Diabetes It’s Very Important To Talk To Your GP Or HealthCare Provider Before Stopping Beta Blockers Because Stopping it suddenly could cause problems such as palpitations, a recurrence of angina pain or a rise in blood pressure.

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Classification Of Antianginal Drugs

Angina Pectoris  Angina pectoris is a disease that often occurs due to deposition of lipids material inside the coronary arteries. This causes narrowing of the coronary arteries and the patient feels Throbbing pain in the chest during exertion because narrowed arteries cannot cope with Increased demand of blood supply by the heart during physical exertion or mental stress. There are three main type of angina ; 1. Angina Of Effort This type of angina in which chest pain occurs during physical or mental stress is known as angina of effort. 2. Variant Angina Another less common type of angina occurs at rest due to spasm of the coronary arteries.This is known as variant angina or prinzmetal angina. 3. Unstable angina. A third Type of angina in is known as unstable angina in this type the disease is severe and patient feel pain in the chest even with a slight degree of exertion.This is s serious condition and if not treated can lead to myocardial infarction.Thus angina pectoris can be of the following three type; Classification Of Drugs Drugs Used in treatment and prevention  Of angina can be classified into three main groups; Organic Nitrates and Nitrites Nitroglycerin Isosorbide Dinitrate Isosorbide mononitrate Amyl nitrite.      2. Calcium Channel Blockers These can be further  divided into two groups; Dihydropyridines Amlodipine Nicardipine Nifedipine Nimodipine Nisoldipine Nitrendipine     2. Miscellaneous Drugs Verapamil Diltiazem Bepridil    3. Beta-Adrenoceptor Blockers These can be further subdivided into two groups; Beta 1 and Beta2 Antagonist Propranolol Penbutolol Pindolol Satolo Timolol Beta 1 Selective Blockers Metoprolol Atenolol Esmolol Acebutolol Betaxolol In case you’ve got stable angina (the most frequent kind ), you’re going to be given medication to consider when you experience an angina attack. You might even use glyceryl trinitrate  (GTN) to prevent an assault prior to doing something such as exercise. You could have a headache, itching or flushing soon after using it. Glyceryl trinitrate pills usually expire about 8 weeks following the package is started, at which point you will want to substitute them. GTN spray lasts considerably longer, so can be more suitable. To help avert more strikes, you will also must take at least 1 other medication daily for the rest of your life. Some people will need to take two or more medications. If you can not have either of these medications, you could be given another medication like ivabradine, nicorandil or ranolazine. Angina is a warning sign that you are in a greater risk of severe problems such as heart attacks or strokes. You might also have to take additional medicines to decrease this threat. These include:low-dose aspirin to stop blood clots and statins to Lower Your cholesterol (blood glucose ) amount while ACE inhibitors to Lower Your blood pressure Surgery Surgery may be recommended when medications are not helping control your angina. Both these operations are likewise powerful. The very best one for you depends upon your own circumstances. If surgery is recommended, speak with your physician or doctor about your alternatives. You are probably going to have to keep on taking some medications after operation. In case you’ve got unstable angina (where symptoms grow unpredictably), then you will need medicines to reduce blood clots and lower your chance of experiencing a heart attack or stroke. Surgery (either CABG or PCI) might be recommended if you’ve got a high risk of getting a different angina attack, or else you are at a higher risk of experiencing a heart attack or stroke.

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Metronidazole: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Metronidazole is a bactericidal drug.Available formulations -oral, intravenous, intravaginal, and topical.Brand Name Of Metronidazole is Flagyl. Mechanism of action The drug affects DNA replication by Blocking the production of nucleic acid. The activity of metronidazole against amoebae, Trichomonas,  and Giardia is also likely to be attributable to disruption of existing DNA and inhibition of its synthesis in those organisms.Due to this reason, Bacteria can’t survive. Indications With Doses Flagyl (Metronidazole)  is an antibiotic that is used to treat a wide variety of infections. It works by stopping the growth of certain bacteria and parasites.They May be used to treat;   1. Flagyl is Used to treat bacterial vaginosis. The usual dose is 400-500 mg twice a day for 5-7 days Or 2 grams as a single dose. 2.Also Used to Treat  Amebiasis In Acute Intestinal Amebiasis (Acute Amebic Dysentery) Usual Dose is 750 mg orally 3 times a day for 5 to 10 days And For Amebic Liver Abscess The Usual Dose Should be 500 to 750 mg orally 3 times a day for 5 to 10 days 3. Metronidazole in combination with other agents is used for Eradicating Helicobacter pylori bacteria from the gut in people with peptic ulcers. Bismuth quadruple therapy: A Dose of 250 mg orally 4 times a day clarithromycin-based triple therapy: A dose of 500 mg orally twice a day.Duration of therapy is 10 to 14 days pressure sores and leg ulcers that are infected with anaerobic bacteria. 4. Pressure sores and leg ulcers that are infected with anaerobic bacteria. Children 8 weeks-12 years: 20-30mg/kg/day as a single dose or divided into 7.5mg/kg every 8 hours for 7 days. Children under 8 weeks: 15mg/kg/day as a single dose or divided into 7.5mg/kg every 12 hours. 5. Painful inflammation and ulcers of the gums (ulcerative gingivitis). Adults and children over 10 years: 200mg three times a day. 6. Bacterial dental infections, eg dental abscesses. Extended-release Tablets: 750 mg orally once a day for 7 consecutive days 7. Bacterial infections in the abdomen (peritonitis). In Case Of oral administration Usual Dose Is 7.5 mg/kg orally every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days. In Case of Intravenous administration Usual Loading dose is 15 mg/kg IV once infused over 1 hour and then Maintenance dose is 7.5 mg/kg IV infused over 1 hour every 6 hours For 7 to 10 daysAbscess in the pelvic cavity, usually a result of an abdominal infection. 8. Bacterial infections of bone (osteomyelitis). In Case Of Intravenous Dose, Loading dose Of  15 mg/kg IV once infused over 1 hour Then Maintenance dose Of 7.5 mg/kg IV infused over 1 hour every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.Don’t Exceed 4 g per day. In Case Of Oral Dose Immediate-release capsules and tablets 7.5 mg/kg orally every 6 hours For 7 to 10 days.Don’t Exceed 4 g per day. 9. Used For The Treatment Of Liver Abscess In Case Of Intravenous administration, Loading dose Should be  15 mg/kg IV once infused over 1 hour Then A Maintenance dose Of 7.5 mg/kg IV infused over 1 hour every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days In Case Of Oral Administration, Immediate-release capsules and tablets 7.5 mg/kg orally every 6 hours   Note : This antibiotic treats only certain bacterial and parasitic infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Using an antibiotic when it is not needed can cause it to not work for future infections.   Metronidazole side effects More common side effects The more common side effects that can occur include: Nausea or vomiting Diarrhea Metallic taste Headache Loss of appetite Heartburn Constipation Cramping in your stomach area   Serious side effects nervous system effects, including seizures and encephalopathy (abnormal brain function). Symptoms can include: Convulsions (sudden movements caused by tightening of your muscles) Dizziness Headache Confusion Ataxia (loss of control of body movements)     Warnings and precautions Talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse before taking Metronidazole tablets: if you are in the 2nd and 3rd Trimester of pregnancy if you have ever suffered from any liver disease if you have kidney disease, particularly if you require dialysis treatments if you have epilepsy or have ever had fits if you have been exposed to any sexually transmitted disease. if you have porphyria (a genetic disease that can cause skin blisters, abdominal pain and brain/nervous system disorders) if you have any nervous system disorders if you have any disorder of the blood.    

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8 Mistakes That make you Look Older

We all want to look fresh and younger.If you do not like what you see in the mirror, it may be time to judge some of your daily routines. The foods you eat and even the method you sleep will add years to your face and will shorten your life. Here, specialists discuss the foremost common age-accelerating habits and ways in which to reverse the process. 1.Lack of sleep The first place within the list is taken by one of the foremost common dangerous habits of people these days – lack of sleep. The life that some individuals lead is so fast that they hardly have time to sleep throughout the week. thenthey decide that a couple of more hours of sleep at the weekend will facilitate them catch up. This, however, isn’t true. a person has to have a decent quantity of sleep daily and not once per week. The first place within the list is taken by one of the foremost common dangerous habits of people these days – lack of sleep. The life that some individuals lead is so fast that they hardly have time to sleep throughout the week. then they decide that a couple of more hours of sleep at the weekend will facilitate them catch up. This, however, isn’t true. a person has to have a decent quantity of sleep daily and not once per week. As a results of a person’s lack of sleep they will not solely begin feeling tired, however they will also have unhealthy look. Dark circles underneath the eyes are their constant companions and their skin can look tired, old and not fresh. that’s why if you wish to feel and look smart, it’s best to start out sleeping 7-8 hours a night.   2.Stress: The next factor that influences however a person appearance is usually a results of the fast life they lead. And this can be stress. people worry too much regarding some insignificant things. And it’s been proven that a person’s worst enemy is stress as a result of it will lead to huge health issues. it’s conjointly been proven that cancer and stress are connected. If you also are under a lot of stress, you may find yourself having some digestion issues and you’ll begin gaining weight. you’ll even have some issues sleeping. this can show on your skin and you’ll begin wanting tired. Your skin also will lack this nice glow fresh and healthy skin has. If you surprise how to get rid of stress, then you must better start doing a little yoga. you will also try and calm yourself down by counting to 10 and taking deep breaths as you are doing. you can also spend more time outside the massive cities and have long walks in the nature. otherwise you will consider dynamical jobs. After all, health is one of the foremost necessary things a person has and that they should really treasure it. 3.Not Drinking Enough Water: Human Body is formed from 66 water and when we lose simply a little bit of water through sweat and elimination, and that we do not fill again lost liquid, we’ll begin to notice the effects to our health quickly. Drinking Enough Water is incredibly important For Your Health. If you’re not drinking enough water you’ll look 10-20 years old from your real age. 4.Diet And Age : A study within the american Journal of Clinical Nutrition of over 4,000 women between the ages of 40 and 70 showed that routine higher takes of vitamin C-rich foods was considerably related to a decrease in the prevalence of wrinkled and dry skin due to aging. The study conjointly found that higher intakes of linoleic acid reduced the possibilities of developing not only a similar age-related dryness but conjointly thinning of the skin. whereas citrus fruits, juices and tomatoes are the leading sources of vitamin C within the american diet, green leafy vegetables, soybean oil, flaxseeds, and walnuts are ringers for linoleic acid.Its better to use fruits and vegetables in our routine life. 5.Not Taking Care Of Your Teeth : “Taking care of your teeth and gums isn’t just about preventing cavities or unhealthy breath,” the American Dental Association warns. “The mouth could be a entry into your body’s overall health.” 6.Alcohol: The next factor that takes a top place in our list is alcohol. it’s no secret that alcohol is hardly good for individuals, especially some kind of drinks. And yet, there are plenty of individuals who continue drinking daily. one of the mostdisadvantages of alcohol is that dehydrates one’s body. As a result, one’s skin gets dry and wrinkles start showing. Another factor that alcohol “destroys” is vitamin a that could be a powerful antioxidant and it’s sensible for the liver and as we all understand, alcohol isn’t good for one’s liver. 7.No sun cream: The next unhealthy habit in our list could be a very common one. Even with all the advertisements and warnings that the sun can be dangerous, there are plenty of individuals who neglect this reality and don’t apply sun cream at all. it’s important to use sun cream throughout the summer, not on condition that you’re at the beach or not. The strong sun rays don’t seem to be good for your skin and make it not only look older, but they extremely build it older. that is why you must turn your habit of forgetting to use sun cream on into a habit of applying sun cream on throughout the summer. this can be how you’ll facilitate your skin look fresh and younger for a longer period of your time. 8.You multitask: If your to-do list never seems to get any shorter, the strain from your agitated life could also be taxing your body. “People assume multitasking is good, however you do not actually get something done—you simply produce a lot of stress,” says Raymond Casciari, MD, chief medical officer of St. Joseph Hospital in Orange, Calif. several studies show that chronic stress triggers the release of free radicals, the unstable molecules that harm cells and areresponsible for aging. rather than attempting to try and do it all, Dr. Casciari suggests concentrating on one task at a time and only moving on once you finish it  

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Antihistamines: List, Types, & Side Effects

What Is Histamine? Histamine is synthesized in the body from an amino acid known as histidine.It is mainly distributed in the following tissues: Basophils Mast cells Neurons of the brain Enterochromaffin like cell in the stomach. Allergy or inflammation causes the release of histamine from mast cells. There are Four Types Of Histamine Receptors In In The Body i.e H1, H2,H3,H4. H1 Receptor Are distributed in the body in the ; Smooth Muscle Brain Endothelial cells of blood vessels. H2 Receptors are distributed in; Parietal cells of stomach Mast Cells Brain Heart Muscle H3 Receptors are presynaptic and they are distributed in Brain Myenteric Plexus Of GIT Other Neurons H4 Receptors are mainly distributed on leukocytes,both in the blood and bone marrow.Stimulation of H4 Causes the chemotatic effects on the eosinphils and mast cells and these cells are attracted to the site of inflammation and allergic reations. Antihistamines Antihistamines are Important medicines often used In the treatment of allergies, such as Allergic Rhinitis(hay fever).Antihistamine are usually used topically on the skin ,in the eye and in the nose. Oral antihistamine are also very important in the prevention of urticaria,and in the treatment of pruritus ,urticarial rashes insect bites and stings. Antihitamines like cyclizine, promethazine teoclate and cinnarizine are also sometimes used to prevent motion sickness and antihistamines are also used for short-term treatment for sleeping difficulties (insomnia). Antihistamine May Be Sedating and Non-Sedating. All old antihistamines are somewhat more sedating as compare to newer agents.chlorphenamine and Cyclizine are less sedating as compare to promethazine and alimemazine. Non Sedating Antihistamine Include Cetrizine,Levocetrizine.Loratdine,Desloratidine,Fexofenadine,Acrivastine and Bilastine ,Rupatidine and Mizolasttine Cause Less Sedation. Most antihistamines can be bought from pharmacies and shops, but some are only available on prescription. Antihistamines (H1 Antagonists) They Block H1 Receptors Of Histamine. Classifications Antihistamines are broadly divided into two groups: 1st generation antihistamines And 2nd generation antihistamines First Generation Drugs Ethanolamines Carbinoxamine maleate Clemastine fumarate Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine HCl Ethylaminediamine Tripelennamine HCl Pyrilamine Maleate Antazoline Piperazine Derivatives Hydroxyzine HCl Cyclizine HCl Meclizine HCl Alkylamines Brompheniramine maleate Chlorpheniramine maleate Pheniramine Phenothiazine Promethazine HCl Miscellaneous Cyproheptadine Phenindamine Second Generation Drugs Fexofenadine Terfenadine Loratadine Cetirizine Astemizole Acrivastine Levocabastine Pregnancy: There is no evidence of teratogenicity Except for Hydroxyzine Where Toxicity has been reported in animal studies with high doses.But Still, Most Manufacturers advise for avoiding in pregnancy. Side Effects : Some of the main side effects of antihistamines include: • Drowsiness • Dizziness • Dry mouth • Nausea and vomiting • Trouble peeing or not being able to pee • Blurred vision • Confusion • Restlessness or moodiness (in some children). Bottom Line Antihistamines are a class of medications used to treat allergic reactions by blocking the effects of histamine, a chemical produced by the immune system in response to an allergen. They are effective in reducing symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose, but may also cause side effects such as drowsiness, dry mouth, and blurred vision. It is important to follow dosage instructions carefully and consult with a healthcare provider before taking antihistamines, especially if you have any medical conditions or are taking other medications. Read more Drugs & Medicines

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Co amoxiclav:Uses, Side Effects, Mechanism,Dosage

Co-amoxiclav is a mixture Of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The first ingredient In co-amoxiclav is amoxicillin: a penicillin antibiotic that treats infection by killing the bacteria responsible for the infection. Some bacteria are able to produce a chemical that makes amoxicillin less effective. The second ingredient, clavulanic acid, stops this from happening. Clavulanic acid stops the chemical produced by the bacteria from working, and this allows amoxicillin to kill the bacteria. Co-amoxiclav Uses: Co-amoxiclav is used to treat infections caused by bacteria, such as the following: Ear, nose, or throat infections, eg sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media. Chest infections, e.g, pneumonia, bronchitis. Skin and soft tissue infections, eg cellulitis, animal bites. Urinary tract infections kidney infections, in particular recurrent cystitis. Dental abscesses. Bone or joint infections, eg osteomyelitis. Genital infections, including those following childbirth or abortion. Preventing infections following surgery (by injection). Abdominal infections, eg peritonitis. Pyelonephritis. Mechanism Of Action : Co-amoxiclav is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that kills a wide variety of bacteria that cause a wide variety of commonly-occurring infections. it has always been reserved for treating infections caused by bacteria that are immune to amoxicillin. Co-amoxiclav is a Combination of clavulanic acid And amoxicillin. Amoxicillin is a penicillin-type antibiotic, and clavulanic acid is a Drug that stops bacteria from inactivating the amoxicillin. Amoxicillin works by interfering with the ability of a bacterium to form cell walls. The cell walls of bacteria are important for their survival. They keep unwanted substances from coming into their cells and stop the contents of their cells from leaking out. Amoxil impairs the bonds that hold the bacterial cell wall together. this enables holes to appear within the cell walls and kills the bacterium. Certain bacteria are immune to penicillin-type antibiotics, and as a result, they have developed the power to produce defensive chemicals known as beta-lactamases. These interfere with the structure of penicillin-type antibiotics and stop them from operating. Clavulanic Acid is a semisynthetic beta-lactamase inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces that stops the bacterium from inactivating the amoxicillin, therefore increasing the range of bacterium that amoxicillin will kill. Co-amoxiclav Side Effects: Steven-Johnson Syndrome Hepatitis Exfoliative dermatitis Cholestatic Jaundice Headache Dizziness Convulsions With high dose. Co-amoxiclav Dosage Dose According To Weight Of Patient Adults and children ≥ 40 kg One 500 mg/125 mg dose is taken three times a day. Children < 40 kg 20 mg/5 mg/kg/day to 60 mg/15 mg/kg/day given in three divided doses. Doses According To the Age Of Patient Dosage for adults (including the elderly) and children over 12: The usual dose is 375mg three times a day, preferably every 8 hours, for a maximum of 14 days. For more severe infections: One 625mg tablet three times a day. For dental infections: The usual dose is 375mg three times a day, preferably every 8 hours, for 5 days. The dose for people with severe liver or kidney problems may be less than these doses. For Children 1 month to 1 one year Use 0.25ml/Kg of 125/31 suspension every 8 hours. If the infection is severe double the dose. For Ages 1-6 years Use 5ml of 125/31 suspension every 8 hours. For Ages, 6-12 use 5 ml of 250/62 suspension every 8 hours if the infection is severe double the dose. Neonates 0.25ml/Kg of 125/31 suspension every 8 hours Learn more about Medicine Brands

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Insulin Glargine: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Insulin glargine is a commonly used insulin analog for treating type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It has a longer duration of action, which allows for once-daily dosing, making it more convenient for patients. However, like any medication, insulin glargine has side effects, which need to be monitored closely by healthcare professionals. Highlights Insulin is a hormone that works by lowering glucose (sugar) levels in the blood. Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin that starts to work several hours after injection and keeps working evenly for 24 hours. Insulin improves blood sugar control in adults and children with diabetes mellitus. Some brands of this medicine are for use only in adults. Carefully follow all instructions for the brand of insulin glargine you are using. Insulin is also used to treat type 1 diabetes in adults and children at least six years old. Insulin glargine is used to treat type 2 diabetes in adults. Insulin works the same way as natural human insulin, but its action lasts longer. It helps diabetic patients regulate glucose or sugar in the body. Insulin glargine promotes the movement of sugar from the blood into body tissues and stops sugar production in the liver. Insulin glargine is an artificial insulin that mimics the actions of human insulin. Insulin, marketed under the name Lantus, is a long-acting insulin analog, given once daily to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. Mechanism Of Action Insulin glargine binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of 2 extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates like insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc, and gab 1. Activation of those proteins results in the activation of downstream signal molecules as well as PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), which play essential roles in metabolism. Insulin glargine is soluble at pH 4, the pH of the administered solution, and has low solubility at physiological pH 7.4. Upon subcutaneous injection, the solution is neutralized, leading to the formation of micro precipitates. Small amounts of insulin glargine are released from micro precipitates giving the drug a comparatively constant concentration over a time profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. This release mechanism permits the drug to mimic basal hormone levels within the body. Side effects of Insulin Glargine One of insulin glargine’s most common side effects is hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low, leading to sweating, shakiness, confusion, and even loss of consciousness. It is essential to monitor blood sugar levels regularly and adjust the insulin dosage as needed to avoid hypoglycemia. Another common side effect of insulin glargine is injection site pain. This can occur immediately after injection or develop over time with repeated injections. To reduce injection site pain, patients can rotate the injection site and use a fresh needle with each injection. In some cases, insulin glargine can cause water retention in the joints and weight gain. This is due to insulin’s role in promoting glucose uptake and storage in cells, increasing fat and water retention. Patients should monitor their weight and report any significant changes to their healthcare provider. Rarely some patients may develop an allergic reaction to insulin glargine. This can cause itching, irritation, redness, rash, or swelling at the injection site. In severe cases, patients may experience bronchospasm or low blood pressure. Any signs of an allergic reaction require immediate medical attention. Local allergic reactions that may occur at the injection sites are: Itching Irritation Redness Rash Long-term use of insulin glargine can lead to the thickening of fat tissues at the injection site. Severe allergic reactions are; Swelling under the skin Bronchospasm Very low blood pressure. Bottom Line Insulin glargine is an effective treatment option for diabetes but not without side effects. Patients should work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their blood sugar levels, adjust their insulin dosage, and report any concerning symptoms. With proper management, insulin glargine can help patients achieve better blood sugar control and improve their overall health and quality of life. Learn more about different; Drugs and medicine Supplements

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Ibuprofen (Nurofen): Best Pain Killer

Ibuprofen (Brand: Nurofen)  is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body. Nirofen is available in various dosage forms Nurofen Pain Relief 256mg Tablets Nurofen For Children )Ibuprofen 100mg/5ml) Nurofen for children Chewable Capsule. Nurofen Uses Nurofen is used to reduce fever and treat pain or inflammation caused by many conditions such as headache, toothache, back pain, arthritis, menstrual cramps, or minor injury. Also Used In Pain Caused By Common Cold And Flu. For symptomatic treatment of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nurofen Mechanism Of Action: The exact mechanism of action of ibuprofen is unknown. ibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, an enzyme invovled in prostaglandin synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway. Its pharmacologic effects are believed to be due to inhibition cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) that decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins involved in mediating inflammation, pain, fever and swelling. Antipyretic effects is also due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in an exaggerated peripheral blood flow, dilation, and resulting temperature reduction. Inhibition of cox-1 is assumed to cause a number of the side effects of ibuprofen including GI ulceration. ibuprofen is administered as a racemic mixture. The R-enantiomer undergoes extensive interconversion to the S-enantiomer in vivo. The S-enantiomer is believed to be the more pharmacologically active enantiomer. Side effects of Nurofen Ibuprofen can cause a number of side effects. You should take the lowest possible dose for the shortest possible time needed to control your symptoms. See the patient information leaflet that comes with your medicine for a full list of side effects.   Common side effects of ibuprofen (Nurofen)  include:   Constipation or diarrhoea Nausea or vomiting Indigestion (dyspepsia) or abdominal pain Heartburn Stomach Ulcers Headache Dizziness Salt and fluid retention High blood pressure Flatulence Loss of appetite Stomach cramps Less common side effects include: Raised blood pressure Headache or dizziness Inflammation of the stomach (gastritis) Bloating (fluid retention) Black stools and blood in your vomit – this can indicate bleeding in your stomach Allergic reactions – such as a rash A stomach ulcer Worsening of asthma symptoms by causing narrowing of the airways (bronchospasm) Kidney failure Nurofen in Pregnancy  It is best not to take Ibuprofen as a normal pain reliever during pregnancy. The reason for your caution is that taking ibuprofen regularly may harm your baby. Taking ibuprofen often in the first trimester may increase the likelihood of miscarriage. Your baby may also develop a heart defect or other anomalies, such as cleft palate or abdominal wall defects. Its best to consult your doctor before using Nurofen in Pregnancy. Nurofen Contraindications Nurofen is contraindicated in Hypersensitivity to ibuprofen or to any of the excipients present in Nurofen. It is also contraindicated in Active or a history of recurrent peptic ulcer/haemorrhage (two or more distinct episodes of proven ulceration or bleeding). Nurofen is contraindicated in People with a History of gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation, related to previous NSAIDs therapy. It is Also contraindicated in Severe hepatic failure, renal failure or heart failure. Ibuprofen dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Fever: Oral: 200 to 400 mg orally every 4 to 6 hours as needed. IV: (Patients should be well hydrated before IV ibuprofen administration): Fever: Initial: 400 mg intravenously over 30 minutes Maintenance: 400 mg every 4 to 6 hours or 100 to 200 mg every 4 hours as needed. Usual Adult Dose for Osteoarthritis: Initial dose: 400 to 800 mg orally every 6 to 8 hours. Maintenance dose: May be increased to a maximum daily dose of 3200 mg based on patient response and tolerance. Usual Adult Dose for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Initial dose: 400 to 800 mg orally every 6 to 8 hours. Maintenance dose: May be increased to a maximum daily dose of 3200 mg based on patient response and tolerance. Usual Adult Dose for Dysmenorrhea: 200 to 400 mg orally every 4 to 6 hours as needed. Usual Adult Dose for Headache: Study (n=34) – Prevention of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-induced headache: 600 mg orally 90 minutes prior to the initial ECT session Usual Adult Dose for Pain: Oral: Mild to moderate pain: 200 to 400 mg orally every 4 to 6 hours as needed. Doses greater than 400 mg have not been proven to provide greater efficacy. IV: (Patients should be well hydrated before IV ibuprofen administration): Pain: 400 to 800 mg intravenously over 30 minutes every 6 hours as needed. Usual Pediatric Dose for Fever: Greater than 6 months to 12 years: 5 mg/kg/dose for temperature less than 102.5 degrees F (39.2 degrees C) orally every 6 to 8 hours as needed. 10 mg/kg/dose for temperature greater than or equal to 102.5 degrees F (39.2 degrees C) orally every 6 to 8 hours as needed. The recommended maximum daily dose is 40 mg/kg. OTC pediatric labeling (analgesic, antipyretic): 6 months to 11 years: 7.5 mg/kg/dose every 6 to 8 hours; Maximum daily dose: 30 mg/kg Usual Pediatric Dose for Rheumatoid Arthritis: 6 months to 12 years: Usual: 30 to 40 mg/kg/day in 3 to 4 divided doses; start at lower end of dosing range and titrate; patients with milder disease may be treated with 20 mg/kg/day; doses greater than 40 mg/kg/day may increase risk of serious adverse effects; doses greater than 50 mg/kg/day have not been studied and are not recommended. Maximum dose: 2.4 g/day. Relate Article : Important Information About Diclofenac

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Diclofenac: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Diclofenac is a Nonsteroidal Anti inflammatory Drugs Used As painkillers. Uses: Diclofenac is used to treat painful conditions such as migraine,Osteoarthritis,Rheumatoid Arthritis,Dysmenorrhea dental pain,sprains and strains, gout, and pain after surgical operations. It eases pain and reduces inflammation. Mechanism Of Action: Diclofenac works by blocking the effect  cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes. These enzymes help to make other chemicals in the body, called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced at sites of injury or damage, and cause pain and inflammation. By blocking the effect of cyclo-oxygenase COX enzymes, fewer prostaglandins are produced, which means pain and inflammation are eased. Side Effects: Stop using diclofenac and call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as: Black, bloody, or tarry stools; Chest pain, weakness, shortness of breath, slurred speech, problems with vision or balance; Swelling or rapid weight gain, urinating less than usual or not at all Coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds; Nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) Bruising, severe tingling, numbness, pain, muscle weakness; Severe skin reaction — fever, sore throat, swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain, followed by a red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling. Neck stiffness, chills, increased sensitivity to light, purple spots on the skin, and/or seizure (convulsions); or Less serious side effects may include: dizziness, headache, nervousness; upset stomach, mild heartburn or stomach pain, diarrhea, constipation bloating, gas. ringing in your ears skin itching or rash; blurred vision Note : Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Diclofenac dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Ankylosing Spondylitis: Diclofenac sodium enteric-coated and delayed-release tablets: 25 mg orally 4 times a day. An additional 25 mg dose may be administered at bedtime, if necessary Maximum dose: 125 mg per day Usual Adult Dose for Osteoarthritis: Diclofenac free acid capsules: 35 mg orally 3 times a day Diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets: 50 mg orally 2 or 3 times a day Diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets: 50 mg orally 2 or 3 times a day or 75 mg orally 2 times a day Maximum dose: 150 mg daily Diclofenac sodium extended-release tablets: 100 mg orally once a day Usual Adult Dose for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets: 50 mg orally 3 or 4 times a day Diclofenac sodium enteric-coated and delayed-release tablets: 50 mg orally 3 to 4 times a day or 75 mg orally twice a day Maximum dose: 225 mg daily Diclofenac sodium extended-release tablets: 100 mg orally once a day Maximum dose: 100 mg orally 2 times a day; this would be for the rare patient in whom the benefits outweigh the clinical risks. Usual Adult Dose for Dysmenorrhea: Diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets: 50 mg orally 3 times a day Comments: An initial dose of 100 mg orally followed by 50 mg oral doses may provide better relief for some patients; initiate treatment upon appearance of the first symptoms and continue for a few days. Usual Adult Dose for Migraine: Diclofenac potassium for oral solution packets: 50 mg (1 packet) orally once Comments: This drug is not indicated for the prophylactic therapy of migraine or for use in cluster headaches; the safety and efficacy of a second dose has not been established. Usual Adult Dose for Pain: Oral: Diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets: 50 mg orally 3 times a day; an initial dose of 100 mg orally followed by 50 mg oral doses may provide better relief in some patients. Diclofenac potassium liquid-filled capsules: 25 mg orally 4 times a day Diclofenac free acid capsules: 18 mg or 35 mg orally 3 times a day Parenteral: 37.5 mg IV bolus over 15 seconds every 6 hours as needed for pain Maximum Dose: 150 mg per day

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Esomeprazole, Uses, Side Effects And Doses

Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). It is one of the top selling drugs in United states.It works by decreasing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Indications: It is used in Short-term treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease               (GERD) in patients with irritation and swelling of the esophagus when           medicine cannot be taken orally. It is also used to reduce the risk of bleeding ulcers after a certain                     procedure (endoscopy). Also used in the treatment of Zolinger Elison syndrome It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor. Do not take Esomeprazole if you are allergic to other proton pump inhibitor                           medicines(e.g.omeprazole,pantoprazole,lanzoprazole, rabeprazole). if you are allergic to esomeprazole or any of the other ingredients of this medicine. if you are taking a medicine containing nelfinavir (used to treat HIV infection).   Side Effects: Esomeprazole, like other PPIs, is well-tolerated. The most common side effects are Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Dizziness, Headaches and Rashes . Abnormal heartbeat,Nervousness,leg cramps,muscle pain, weakness, and water retention occur infrequently. Long-term use of PPIs has also been associated with low levels of magnesium (hypomagnesemia). Analysis of patients taking PPIs for long periods of time showed an increased risk of heart attacks. Proton pump inhibitors may increase the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. High doses and long-term use (1 year or longer) may increase the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures of the hip, wrist, or spine. Prolonged use also reduces absorption of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). Doses : Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Healing of Erosive Esophagitis 20 mg or 40 mg Once Daily for 4 to 8 Weeks Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis 20 mg Once Daily Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 20 mg Once Daily for 4 Weeks Pediatric GERD 12 to 17 Year Olds Healing of Erosive Esophagitis Symptomatic GERD 20 mg or 40 mg Once Daily for 4 to 8 Weeks 20 mg Once Daily for 4 Weeks 1 to 11 Year Olds Short-term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD 10 mg Once Daily for up to 8 Weeks Healing of Erosive Esophagitis weight < 20 kg 10 mg Once Daily for 8 Weeks weight ≥ 20 kg 10 mg o r 20 mg Once Daily for 8 Weeks 1 month to < 1 year old Erosive esophagitis due to acid-mediated GERD weight 3 kg to 5 kg 2.5 mg Once Daily for up to 6 Weeks weight > 5 kg to 7.5 kg 5 mg Once Daily for up to 6 Weeks weight > 7.5 kg to 12 kg 10 mg Once Daily for up to 6 Weeks Risk Reduction of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer 20 mg or 40 mg Once Daily for up to 6 months H. pylori Eradication to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence Triple Therapy: NEXIUM 40 mg Once Daily for 10 Days Amoxicillin 1000 mg Twice Daily for 10 Days Clarithromycin 500 mg Twice Daily for 10 Days Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome 40 mg Twice Daily. More drugs here

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