Drugs

Amoxicillin: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage & FAQs

What Is Amoxicillin? Amoxicillin is employed to treat many different types of infection caused by bacterium, like tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and infections of the ear, Chest, nose, throat, skin, or tract. Amoxicillin is also generally used together with another antibiotic referred to as clarithromycin (Biaxin) to treat stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. this combination is typically used with a stomach acid reducer referred to as lansoprazole (Prevacid). How to use amoxicillin Take this medication orally with or without food as directed by your doctor, sometimes each 8 or 12 hours. The dose is based on your medical condition and response to treatment. Drink plenty of fluids whereas using this medication unless your doctor tells you otherwise. For the best effect, take this antibiotic at evenly spaced times. to assist you remember, take this medication at the same time(s) a day. Continue to take this medication till the full prescribed quantity is finished, even if symptoms disappear after a few days. Stopping the medication too early might permit bacteria to continue to grow, which can lead to a return of the infection. Tell your doctor if your condition persists or worsens. Side effects Like all medicines, amoxicillin will cause side effects, though not everyone gets them. Common side effects These common side effects happen in around 1 in 10 individuals. Keep taking the medication, however discuss with your doctor or pharmacist if these side effects trouble you or don’t go away: Feeling sick Diarrhea Upset stomach Serious side effects Serious side effects are rare and happen in but 1 in 1,000 people. Tell a doctor straight away if you get: Severe, bloody diarrhea Yellowing of the whites of the eyes and skin (warning signs of liver or gallbladder problems) A bad skin rash which will include flushing, fever, blisters or ulcers, or skin that appears Dark urine Bruising or skin discoloration Joint or muscle pain that comes on when two days of taking the medication A skin rash with circular red patches Precautions Although amoxicillin will treat certain infections effectively, repeated use will reduce its effectiveness. A 20-year study published within the BMJ in 2014 found that 1 in 10 of all antibiotic prescriptions failed to treat the infection. the number of antibiotic failures has been rising. This would seem to indicate a growing tendency toward antibiotic resistance, wherever overuse of antibiotics is reducing their effectiveness. For this reason, doctors need to be sure that the patient’s condition is caused by a microorganism, and to grasp if a patient has previously used Amoxil. Alcohol doesn’t have an effect on the antibiotic activity of Amoxil, however patients ought to avoid drinking alcohol whereas an active infection is present. this could support the body in effectively eradicating infection. The use of alcohol may mask side effects which will occur with amoxicillin, increasing the potential for complications. Health care suppliers should additionally know if the patient has any of the subsequent conditions: • Allergy to penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics • Asthma • Hay fever • Hives • Kidney disease • Mononucleosis • Phenylketonuria Pregnancy: Amoxicillin is generally considered safe to use during pregnancy when prescribed by a healthcare provider. It falls into Category B of the FDA’s pregnancy classification, which means that animal studies have not shown any harmful effects on the fetus, and there are no well-controlled human studies to confirm harm. However, it’s crucial to follow your healthcare provider’s advice and only take amoxicillin during pregnancy if they believe the benefits outweigh any potential risks. Breastfeeding: Amoxicillin is usually compatible with breastfeeding. It is considered safe for nursing mothers because it is typically excreted in breast milk in small amounts, and it is unlikely to harm a breastfeeding baby. However, it’s still advisable to consult your healthcare provider before taking any medication while breastfeeding. They can help assess the specific situation, your medical history, and the needs of your baby to make the most appropriate recommendations. Related; Learn More about Generic Drugs and Brand Drugs Supplements, Like Hair, Skin and Brain Supplements Also learn, anti-aging, male and female supplements

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Foods That Can Affect Your Medications

  For most of us eating plenty of  fresh fruit, low-fat dairy,vegetables,Taking a cup of coffee, is good for health,But There are some drugs that interact with such foods and cause very severe  side effects. Here’s a list of  foods that Badly Interact with common medication.This is often a partial list; to be safe, ask your doctor and pharmacist concerning potential food interactions with any medication you’re taking. Additionally read the warnings in inserts that come with your prescription meds, and within the fine print on over-the-counter medication.   Grapefruit This citrus fruit changes the approach certain cells in your gut take in and move medication through your body — it will have an effect on more than 50 medicine. It will make some, like fexofenadine (Allegra) for allergies, less effective and make others too robust, as well as ones that lower your cholesterol like statin . Ginkgo Biloba Some individuals use this herb to assist with or prevent high blood pressure, ringing within the ears (tinnitus), dementia, and alternative conditions, however there’s no research that shows it does any of that. It will weaken the impact of medication used to control seizures, as well as carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Equetro, and Tegretol), and antiepileptic drug (Depakene, Depakote, and Stavzor). Vitamin K If you are taking the drug warfarin -used to treat and stop blood clots – bear in mind of how much vitamin k you are taking in. It will build the blood thinner less effective and place you at higher risk of a dangerous blood clot. Broccoli, brussels sprouts, kale, parsley, and spinach are a number of the foremost common foods high in vitamin k. attempt to eat a similar quantity of those foods a day therefore the level of warfarin in your blood stays the same. Bananas Don’t combine with ACE inhibitors like captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), and lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), that are used to lower blood pressure or treat heart failure. additionally avoid mixing with certain diuretics, like triamterene (Dyrenium), used to reduce fluid retention and treat high blood pressure. ACE inhibitors and so-called “potassium sparing” diuretics will increase the number of potassium in your body. however an excessive amount of potassium will cause an irregular heartbeat and heart palpitations. therefore people that take those medicine ought to avoid massive amounts of food high in potassium, as well as bananas, oranges, green leafy vegetables, and salt substitutes like Morton lite Salt. Walnuts Don’t combine with Thyroid medicine like levothyroxine (Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid). Because Walnuts, soybean flour, cottonseed meal, and high-fiber foods will stop your body from absorbing those medications. therefore if you eat a high-fiber diet, you would possibly want a higher dosage. One study found that the medicine were higher absorbed once taken at bedtime instead of a 30 minutes before breakfast, that is what’s usually suggested in the directions. Chocolate Dark chocolate specifically will weaken the results of medication meant to calm you down or cause you to sleep, like zolpidem tartrate (Ambien). It can also boost the ability of some stimulant medicine, like methylphenidate (Ritalin). And if you are taking an MAO inhibitor, used to treat depression, it will build your blood pressure dangerously high. Milk This dairy product will make it tougher for your body to process bound antibiotics. Minerals in milk like calcium and Mg are a part of the reason, along with the protein casein. If you’re taking antibiotics, ensure to find out about the foods or beverages you must keep one’s distance from.

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Antidotes List: Every Student Should Know

What are Antidotes? The Word Antidote Derived From A Greek Word “antididonai”  Which Means Give Against. Antidotes Definition: ”Antidotes are Any Substance which Is Used To oppose the effects of poisons without causing any damage to The body”. How The Poison Enter Into The Body? The Poison In Any Form may be taken in by the breath Or swallowed, Absorbed Through the thinner and more delicate mucous membranes, Or absorbed through the skin, or implanted by stings, bites, or other wounds. There Are A lot Of Antidotes In The Medical Field Today But Some Antidotes Are Very Important And Need To Be Remembered Because Of Their Frequent Use In The Emergency Situations.  Knowledge About Antidotes Is Very Important For All Medical Professionals Especially Those Who Are Working In Health Care Settings. Here Are Some Of The Types And List Of Very Important And Frequently Used Antidotes ; Types 1: Universal Antidotes : This type of antidote is Given when an unknown poison is ingested Composition: (1)  Powdered charcoal 2 parts (2)  Magnesium oxide 1 part (3)  Tannic Acid 1 Part 2: Chemical Antidotes : These substances neutralize the chemical action or oxidize the poison into a nontoxic or insoluble form eg: Dilute alkali(milk of magnesia) Dilute acetic acid, Potassium permanganate Tannin(strong tea). 3: Physiological or pharmacological Antidotes These produce effects opposite to that of poison eg: Naloxone for morphine, Atropine and oxime for organophosphorus poison, N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen 4: Mechanical or physical Antidotes : These substances prevent the absorption of poison by their presence eg: Activated charcoal is used for strychnine. Emulcents(fats, oils, milk, egg albumin) are used for corrosive and irritant poisoning, Bulky food used for glass poisoning And mineral poisoning(dose 30-60 gms for children and 60-100gms for adults) 5: Chelating agents: These are substances which form chelates (nonionized complexes) with cations. These are mostly used in heavy metal poisoning eg: N-penicillamine for mercury, lead, copper BAL(dimercaprol) is used in heavy metal poisons EDTA is used in Arsenic, mercury, lead Versenate is used in Arsenic, mercury, and lead Desferrioxamine is used for iron. Important Antidotes List: [table id=5 /] Note: Patients with poisoning characteristics should normally be hospitalized. Patients who have taken delayed-action toxins should also be admitted, even if they appear to be well. The delayed-action poison includes aspirin, iron, a tricyclic antidepressant, paracetamol, and co-phenotropic. The effects of the modified release preparations are also delayed. Don’t Forget To Share   Read, more  

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How To Treat Hypertension (Blood Pressure)?

Hypertension (high blood pressure) is outlined as having a blood pressure reading of over 140/90 mmHg over a number of weeks. Our blood pressures change all the time throughout the day, therefore your doctor is trying to make sure that your hypertensive reading isn’t simply a natural event. Hypertension Is The Leading Cause Of Cardiovascular Disease And In The United States Alone There Are More Then 75 Million People Have Hypertension. Lowering raised blood pressure decreases the risk of stroke, coronary events, heart failure, and renal impairment. Normal Blood Pressure According To Age: 1) Age 60 or more healthy Person Your BP treatment Goal Should be At least less than 150/90 mmHg 2) Age Less Than 60 years You need to control Your Blood Pressure In less than 140/90 mmHg. 3) Ideal Blood Pressure Is 120/80 mmHg. How To Control Blood Pressure With Out Using Medicines: If you have been diagnosed with high blood pressure, you can follow a few simple steps to learn how to change your lifestyle, your diet,to treat hypertension. 1) Changing Your Life Style: Reduce Smoking. Increase Exercise. Reduce Stress. 2) Changing Your Diet: Reduce Sodium Intake. Eat More Whole Grains. Increase Vegetable And Fruit Intake. Avoid Alcoholic Beverages. Control Sugar. Drugs Used In Hypertension: Diuretics Generic Brand Amiloride Midamor Cholrthalidone Hygroton Bumetonide Bumex Ethacrynic Acid Edecrin Furosemide Lasix Eplerenone Inspra Hydrochlorthiazide Microzide Indipamide Lozol Torsemide Demadex Spironolactone Aldactone   Angiotensin 2 Converting Enzyme Inhibitors   Generic Brand Candesartan Atacand Irbesartan Avapro Eprosartan Teveten Azilsartan Medoxomil Edarbi Losartan Coozar Olmesartan Benicar Valsartan Diovan Telmisartan Micardis ACE inhibitors Generic Brand Captopril Capoten Benzapril Lotensin Fosinopril Monopril Enalapril Vasotec Lisinopril Zestril Quinapril Accupril Moexipril Univasc Ramipril Altace Trandolapril Mavik Beta Blockers Generic Brands Atenolol Tenormin Acebutolol Sectral Bisoprolol Zebeta Betaxolol Kerlone Labetolol Trandate Carvedolol Coreg Nadolol Trandate Metoprolol Lopressor Pindolol Visken Penbutolol Levatol Alpha Blockers Generic Brand Doxazosin Cardura Prazosin Minipress Terazosin Hytrin Calcium Channel Blockers Generic Brands Nicardipine Cardene Isradipine Dynacirc CR Nifedipine Adalat Nisoldipine Sular Verapamil Calan,Isoptin Amlopdipine Norvasc Clevidipine Cleviprex Diltiazem Cardizem Felodipine Plendil Others Generic Brand Hydralazine Apresoline Clonidine Catapres Fenoldopam Corlopam Minoxidil Aldomet Nitroprusside Nitropress Minoxidil Loniten Treatment  Strategies for  hypertension /High Blood Pressure: A single antihypertensive is commonly inadequate in the management of high blood pressure, and extra antihypertensive medication is sometimes added in a step-wise manner until control is achieved. Unless it’s necessary to lower the pressure level urgently, an interval of at least four weeks should be allowed to see response; clinicians should guarantee antihypertensive drugs are titrated to the optimum or maximum tolerated dose at every step of treatment. Response to drug treatment could also be affected by age and ethnicity. Patients under 55 years: 1)  ACE inhibitor; if not tolerated, offer an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist. If both ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor antagonists are contraindicated or not tolerated, consider a beta-blocker; beta-blockers, especially when combined with a thiazide diuretic, should be avoided for the routine treatment of uncomplicated hypertension in patients with diabetes or at high risk of developing diabetes 2) ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist in combination with a calcium-channel blocker. If a calcium-channel blocker is not tolerated or if there is evidence of, or a high risk of, Congestive heart failure, give a thiazide-related diuretic (e.g.indapamide or chlorthalidone). If a beta-blocker was given at Step 1, add a calcium channel blocker in preference to a thiazide- related diuretic (see Step 1) 3) ACE inhibitor or angiotensin-II receptor antagonist in combination with a calcium-channel blocker and a thiazide-related diuretic 4 (Resistant hypertension). Consider seeking specialist advice. Add low-dose spironolactone [unlicensed indication], or use high-dose thiazide related diuretic if plasma- potassium concentration More Than 4.5 mmol/liter . Monitor renal function and electrolytes. If additional diuretic therapy is contra-indicated, ineffective, or not tolerated, consider an a beta-blocker or alpha-blocker. Patients over 55 years: 1 . Calcium-channel blocker; if not tolerated or if there is evidence of, or a high risk of, heart failure, give a thiazide-related diuretic (e.g. chlortalidone or indapamide) 2 .ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist in combination with a calcium-channel blocker and a thiazide-related diuretic. 3.(Resistant hypertension). Consider seeking specialist advice. Add low-dose spironolactone [unlicensed indication], or use high-dose thiazide related diuretic if plasma- potassium concentration More Than 4.5 mmol/liter . Monitor renal function and electrolytes. If additional diuretic therapy is contra-indicated, ineffective, or not tolerated, consider an a beta-blocker or alpha-blocker. Sources: British National Formulary (BNF) Lippincott Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology.

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Drugs To Avoid During Pregnancy: Critical Considerations

Medical experts strongly advise against the use of any medication during the first trimester of pregnancy. This precaution is crucial because this period is particularly susceptible to potential side effects, including birth defects and other undesired outcomes. Nevertheless, there are situations where medication may be necessary, in which case it is imperative to consult your physician. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), along with their diligent research teams, thoroughly assesses the effects of each medication on pregnant women before it is approved for market release. While the following is a list of medicines that should be avoided during pregnancy, it is important to note that this list may not be exhaustive, as there are numerous other drugs that can pose significant risks to women. Therefore, it is always advisable to discuss any medication with your doctor before using it if you are pregnant. 1) Antibiotics Drugs to avoid during pregnancy Fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and norfloxacin) Nitrofurantoin Streptomycin Sulfonamides (such as sulfasalazine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Tetracycline ⇒Abnormalities Caused By These Drugs Possibility of bone and joint abnormalities (seen only in animals) 2) Anticonvulsants drugs to avoid during pregnancy Carbamazepine Phenobarbital Phenytoin Valproate ⇒Abnormalities Caused By These Drugs Bleeding problems in the newborn. This Problem Can be prevented by Taking Vitamin K Orally 30 Days Before Delivery Cause Risk of birth defects, including neural tube defects (such as spina bifida) Valproate Cause Some (1%) risk of birth defects, including neural tube defects (such as a meningomyelocele), cleft palate, and defects of the face,  the heart, skull, limbs, and  spine 3) Antihypertensives Drugs to avoid during pregnancy a) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Captopril Benazepril Fosinopril Enalapril Lisinopril Quinapril Ramipril Trandolapril Perindopril ⇒ Abnormalities Caused By These Drugs: Serious Injury To The Fetus, May Cause Kidney Damage In The Fetus, Reduce Amniotic Fluid, Also Cause Defects Of Lungs, Face and Limbs b) Calcium Channel Blockers Isradipine Nisoldipine Amlodipine Verapamil Nifedipine (sustained-release only) Diltiazem(sustained-release only) Nicardipine Felodipine ⇒ Abnormalities Caused By CCB: Fluid retention in the ankles, Dizziness, headache, flushing, heartburn, an abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia), and enlarged gums. Verapamil also caused Constipation. c) Beta-Blockers drugs to avoid during pregnancy Atenolol Bisoprolol Metoprolol Acebutolol Nadolol Penbutolol Propranolol Betaxolol Carteolol Timolol Nebivolol Pindolol ⇒ Problems Caused By Beta-Blockers: Beta-Blockers Caused Slow Growth Rate In The Fetus and Also Cause Low Level Of Blood Sugar And Low Heart Rate. d) Thiazide Diuretics drugs to avoid during pregnancy Chlorothiazide Bendroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide Chlorthalidone Hydrochlorothiazide Methyclothiazide Metolazone Indapamide ⇒ Problems Caused By Diuretics: Taking Thiazide Diuretics During Pregnancy Will Cause Decrease In The Level Of oxygen, Potassium Sodium. Also, Decrease the number of  Platelets  In The Fetus. Inadequate Growth Before Birth. 4) Antianxiety drugs to avoid during pregnancy Diazepam ⇒ Abnormalities Caused By Diazepam : When This Drug Is Taken In The Third Trimester Of Pregnancy It causes irritability, exaggerated reflexes in the newborn depression, and shaking. 5) Mood-stabilizing drugs to avoid during pregnancy Lithium ⇒ Abnormalities: Poor feeding, Lethargy, reduced muscle tone, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in the newborn, And under activity of the thyroid gland. 6) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Naproxen Ibuprofen Aspirin and other salicylates ⇒ Problems Or Abnormalities : When the medication is taken in large doses, probably miscarriages during the first trimester, a delay within the begin of labor, premature closing of the connection between the aorta and artery to the lungs (ductus arteriosus), jaundice, necrotizing enterocolitis (damage to the liner of the intestine), and (occasionally) brain injury within the fetus and bleeding issues within the woman throughout and after delivery and/or within the newborn When the medication is taken late in pregnancy, a decrease in the amount of fluid around the developing fetus. 7)Sex Hormones: Synthetic progestins (but not the low doses used in oral contraceptives) Danazol (When Synthetic Progestin And Danazol  are taken In The early stages Of pregnancy, masculinization of a female fetus’s genitals, sometimes requiring surgery for correction) Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (Abnormalities of the penis in sons. Abnormalities of the uterus, an increased risk of vaginal cancer, menstrual problems, and complications during pregnancy in daughters) 8)Vaccines: Vaccines for polio, measles, mumps or yellow fever This Vaccine causes Potential infection of the placenta and developing a fetus. Vaccine for chickenpox (varicella) and rubella. This Is Associated With Unknow Risks. 9)Drugs Used In Skin Treatment: Isotretinoin Etretinate ⇒ Problems: Both Of These Drugs Cause Birth defects, such as small ears,  heart defects, and hydrocephalus. While Isotretinoin Also Cause  Intellectual disability And Risk of miscarriage. 10) Oral and diabetic drugs to avoid during pregnancy Metformin Glyburide Tolbutamide Chlorpropamide ⇒ Problems/Abnormalities Caused By These Drugs : Inadequate control of diabetes in pregnant women when a Pregnant woman with type 2 diabetes Take The Drugs, the possibility of increased risk of miscarriage Is More. Also, Cause a  very low blood sugar level in the newborn. Read, more Neuriva Brain Performance Review (Is it worth it?) Prevagen Review: Does this nootropic work? Zyrexin Review: Ingredients, dose,  side effects etc More about Different Drugs And Medicines

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Top 100 Drugs Of Choice For Different Diseases

In the world of medicine, the term “drug of choice” holds two distinct meanings: one refers to an illicit substance that individuals may become addicted to, while the other pertains to the primary pharmaceutical treatment for a specific medical condition. This comprehensive guide will focus on the latter, providing a meticulously curated list of drugs that serve as the first-line treatment for a wide range of diseases. Our selection is based on scientific research and expert recommendations. We have divided these drugs into several categories, each tailored to address unique medical needs. Category 1: Drugs of Choice During Pregnancy During pregnancy, choosing the proper medication is crucial for the health of both the mother and the baby. Here are the drugs of choice for various conditions during pregnancy: Chloroquine: The preferred treatment for malaria during pregnancy. [1] Alpha-Methyldopa: An essential drug for managing hypertension during pregnancy. Heparin: Used for anticoagulation to prevent blood clot formation in pregnant women. Labetalol: A go-to option to manage hypertensive crises in expectant mothers. Acetaminophen: The analgesic drug of choice. Phenobarbitone: Prescribed for epilepsy in pregnant women. Doxylamine & Pyridoxine: Effective for managing nausea during pregnancy. Category 2: Drugs of Choice for Infections Infections require targeted treatment to ensure a swift recovery and prevent complications. Here are the drugs of choice for various infectious conditions: Penicillin G: A primary choice for septicemia, meningitis, pericarditis, endocarditis, and severe pneumonia. Ampicillin: Ideal for treating Listeria and Enterococcus faecalis infections. Vancomycin: The top pick for MRSA, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus faecium infections. Erythromycin: Recommended for Corynebacterium infections. Doxycycline: Effective against Bacillus anthracis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia, and Rickettsiae. Cotrimoxazole: The drug of choice for Nocardia infections. Azithromycin: Preferable for Hemophilus ducreyi and Mycoplasma infections. Ceftriaxone: Used to combat Proteus, E. coli, and Salmonella infections. Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin): The go-to choice for urinary tract infections. Alternative options include nitrofurantoin, oral cephalosporins, or fosfomycin. [2] Metronidazole: An effective treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial infections, including antibiotic-associated colitis. Ceftazidime: A trusted option for Burkholderia pseudomallei infections. Category 3: Drugs of Choice for Seizures Managing seizures requires precise drug selection. Here are the drugs of choice for different types of seizures: Valproate: Effective for tonic seizures, absence seizures, grand mal (GTCS), clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures. [4] Carbamazepine: Recommended for partial seizures. Vigabatrin: The drug of choice for infantile spasms with tuberous sclerosis. ACTH: An essential treatment for infantile spasms. Lorazepam (IV): Used to manage status epilepticus. Diazepam: Ideal for treating febrile seizures. Magnesium Sulfate: The preferred option for seizures in eclampsia. Category 4: Drugs of Choice for Poisoning Swift and appropriate intervention is crucial in cases of poisoning. Here are the drugs of choice for various poisoning scenarios: Physostigmine: The drug of choice for atropine, belladonna, and datura poisoning. Atropine: Essential in carbamate poisoning, early mushroom poisoning, and organophosphate poisoning. Flumazenil: An antidote for benzodiazepine poisoning. Acetylcysteine: Used to counteract acetaminophen poisoning. Naloxone: The primary choice for opioid poisoning. Deferiprone: Prescribed for chronic iron poisoning. Desferrioxamine: Effective in cases of acute iron poisoning. Glucagon: A lifesaver in beta-blocker poisoning. Amyl Nitrate: Recommended for cyanide poisoning. Category 5: Drugs of Choice for Bronchial Asthma Asthma management necessitates tailored approaches. Here are the drugs of choice for various asthma conditions: Salbutamol: The drug of choice for acute asthma attacks in normal patients and pregnant women. It is also effective for exercise and aspirin-induced asthma attacks. Ipratropium: Preferred for acute asthma attacks during labor and in patients on beta-blocker therapy. Corticosteroids: Indispensable for prophylaxis against bronchial asthma, exercise-induced asthma, and aspirin-induced asthma. Category 6: Drugs of Choice in Antimicrobials Prophylaxis Prophylactic measures are essential to prevent infections in specific populations. Here are the drugs of choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis: Ampicillin: Used to avoid Group B streptococcus infections. Amoxicillin: Ideal for prophylaxis against endocarditis and otitis media. Azithromycin: Recommended for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and pertussis prophylaxis. Benzathine Penicillin: Essential in preventing rheumatic fever. Procaine Penicillin: Recommended for gonorrhea and syphilis prophylaxis. Tetracycline: Effective against rickettsial infections and plague. Cefazoline: Preferred for surgical prophylaxis. Doxycycline: Used to prevent anthrax. Trimethoprim and Sulphamethoxazole: The drug of choice for toxoplasmosis, pneumocystis, and urinary tract infections. Rifampicin: Recommended for Hemophilus influenza type B prophylaxis. Oseltamivir: Effective in preventing influenza Type A & B. Category 7: Anesthetic Drugs of Choice Selecting a suitable anesthetic is crucial for patient safety. Here are the drugs of choice for various medical procedures: Propofol: Ideal for daycare procedures. Sevoflurane: Recommended for congenital heart disease, including ASD, VSD, and PDA. Etomidate: A suitable choice for ischemic heart disease. Ketamine: Indicated for asthma, COPD, shock, CHF, and congenital heart disease with a right-to-left shunt. Thiopentone: Used for epilepsy and thyrotoxicosis. Methohexitone: Essential for electroconvulsive therapy. Isoflurane: Effective for cardiac and neurosurgical procedures and deliberate hypotension induction. Category 8: Drugs of Choice in Endocrinological Disorders Effective management of endocrine conditions is vital. Here are the drugs of choice for various endocrinological disorders: Insulin: The primary treatment for type 1 diabetes, diabetes mellitus during pregnancy, diabetic ketoacidosis, and uncontrolled diabetes. Metformin: Recommended for type 2 diabetes and diabetes mellitus associated with obesity. Sildenafil: Indispensable for erectile dysfunction. Hydrocortisone: Used in cases of acute and chronic adrenal insufficiency. Nateglinide: Effective for postprandial hyperglycemia. Methotrexate: The drug of choice for ectopic pregnancy. Oxytocin: Indicated for postpartum hemorrhage and labor induction. Cabergoline: Essential in the treatment of acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia. Finasteride: Recommended for androgenetic alopecia. Alendronate: Ideal for the management of osteoporosis. Category 9: Drugs of Choice in Fungal Infections Fungal infections require specialized treatment. Here are the drugs of choice for various fungal infections: Amphotericin B: The top choice for meningeal histoplasmosis, endocarditis caused by candida, severe or CNS blastomycosis, and induction therapy for cryptococcal meningitis (for two weeks). Fluconazole: Effective against Candida albicans and for maintenance in cryptococcal meningitis. Itraconazole: Recommended for nonmeningeal histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, mild or non-CNS blastomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and Penicillium marneffei. Prednisolone + Itraconazole/Voriconazole: Indicated for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Caspofungin: The drug of choice for Candida glabrata and Candida krusei infections. Category 10:

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Paracetamol: Uses, Side Effects, Mechanism, Dosage

Acetaminophen belong to a class of drug Called analgesic(pain reliever) and antipyretics(fever reducer).It is  used to treat different Medical conditions such as headache, muscle aches, arthritis, backache, toothaches, colds,menstrual periods and fevers.The FDA approved acetaminophen in 1951. Paracetamol is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug. Paracetamol can be found in many over the counter medications such as Anacin®, Tylenol®, Panadol® Paracetamol suppositories (available in Thailand), Paralen® Paracetamol injection, Paracemol®, etc. Paracetamol is a pharmacologically active ingredient that has analgesic and antipyretic activity, and hence it is also used in the treatment of pain and fever associated with infections, mild arthritic conditions, or headaches. Paracetamol has less effect on inflammation than common anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin. Paracetamol is an analgesic, antipyretic and the best known of the commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers in many countries. Paracetamol has become one of most widely used pharmaceutical agents. Mechanism Of Action Acetaminophen is assumed to act primarily within the central nervous system, increasing the pain threshold by inhibiting each isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3 enzymes involved in prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. in contrast to NSAIDs, acetaminophen doesn’t inhibit cyclooxygenase in peripheral tissues and, thus, has no peripheral anti-inflammatory affects. whereas acetylsalicylic acid acts as an irreversible inhibitor of COX and directly blocks the enzyme’s active site, studies have found that Tylenol indirectly blocks COX, and that this blockade is ineffective within the presence of peroxides. This would possibly make a case for why Tylenol is effective within the central nervous system and in endothelial cells however not in platelets and immune cells that have high levels of peroxides. Studies additionally report data suggesting that acetaminophen selectively blocks a variant of the COX enzyme that’s completely different from the known variants cox-1 and Cox-2. This enzyme is currently stated as COX-3. Its precise mechanism of action continues to be poorly understood, however future research could give any insight into how it works. The antipyretic properties of acetaminophen are possible as a result of direct effects on the heat-regulating centres of the hypothalamus leading to peripheral dilatation, sweating and thus temperature reduction. Side Effects: Paracetamol  usually has no side effects. If you have any unusual effects, contact your doctor or pharmacist promptly. The most serious side effect is liverdamage due to overdoses, And The most common side effects are headache,rash And ,nausea . Other important side effects include: Serious skin reactions Hypersensitivity reactions Anemia Reduced number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia) Kidney damage Usual Adult Dose for Pain Doses may be given as a single or repeated dose as follows: Oral: Immediate-release: 325 mg to 1 g orally every 4 to 6 hours Minimum Dosing Interval: every 4 hours Maximum Single Dose: 1000 mg Maximum Dose: 4 g per 24 hours Extended-Release: 1300 mg orally every 8 hours Maximum dose: 3900 mg per 24 hours Parenteral: Weight less than 50 kg: 15 mg/kg IV every 6 hours OR 12.5 mg/kg IV every 4 hours Maximum Single Dose: 15 mg/kg Minimum Dosing Interval: every 4 hours Maximum Dose: 75 mg/kg per 24 hours Weight 50 kg or greater: 1000 mg IV every 6 hours OR 650 mg IV every 4 hours Maximum Single Dose: 1000 mg Minimum Dosing Interval: every 4 hours Maximum Dose: 4000 mg per 24 hours Rectal: 650 mg rectally every 4 to 6 hours Maximum dose: 3900 mg per 24 hours Usual Adult Dose for Fever Doses may be given as a single or repeated dose as follows: Oral: Immediate-release: 325 mg to 1 g orally every 4 to 6 hours Minimum Dosing Interval: every 4 hours Maximum Single Dose: 1000 mg Maximum Dose: 4 g per 24 hours Extended-Release: 1300 mg orally every 8 hours Maximum dose: 3900 mg per 24 hours Parenteral: Weight less than 50 kg: 15 mg/kg IV every 6 hours OR 12.5 mg/kg IV every 4 hours Maximum Single Dose: 15 mg/kg Minimum Dosing Interval: every 4 hours Maximum Dose: 75 mg/kg per 24 hours Weight 50 kg or greater: 1000 mg IV every 6 hours OR 650 mg IV every 4 hours Maximum Single Dose: 1000 mg Minimum Dosing Interval: every 4 hours Maximum Dose: 4000 mg per 24 hours Rectal: 650 mg rectally every 4 to 6 hours Maximum dose: 3900 mg per 24 hours Pediatric Dose Pain Doses may be given as a single or repeated dose as follows: ORAL: 10 to 15 mg/kg orally every 4 to 6 hours as needed not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours -Alternatively, use weight first, then age: 2.7 to 5.3 kg (0 to 3 months): 40 mg orally every 4 hours as needed not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours 5.4 to 8.1 kg (4 to 11 months): 80 mg orally every 4 hours as needed not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours 8.2 to 10.8 kg (12 to 23 months): 120 mg orally every 4 hours as needed not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours 10.9 to 16.3 kg (2 to 3 years): 160 mg orally every 4 hours as needed not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours 16.4 to 21.7 kg (4 to 5 years): 240 mg orally every 4 hours as needed not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours 21.8 to 27.2 kg (6 to 8 years): 320 mg orally every 4 hours as needed not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours 27.3 to 32.6 kg (9 to 10 years): 400 mg orally every 4 hours as needed not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours 32.7 to 43.2 kg (11 to 12 years): 480 mg orally every 4 hours as needed not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours 12 years or older:immediate-release: 325 mg to 1 g orally every 4 to 6 hours Minimum Dosing Interval: every 4 hours Maximum Single Dose: 1000 mg Maximum Dose: 4 g per 24 hours Extended-Release: 1300 mg orally every 8 hours Maximum dose: 3900 mg per 24 hours PARENTERAL: 2 to 12 years: 12.5 mg/kg IV every 4 hours OR 15 mg/kg

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Scientists Developed A New Medical  Device To  Diagnose A Dozen  Different Diseases

Average people might sooner or later be able to use a Star Trek-inspired home medical device to diagnose a dozen completely different diseases and track five major important signs, all without having to draw blood or visit a doctor’s office. Engineers developed the DxtER device as a part of a contest to make a modern version of the “tricorder” that Dr. Leonard “Bones” McCoy waved over patients on the starship Enterprise to diagnose sicknesses. The DxtER combines an array of various sensors with intelligent diagnostic computer code in a package weighing but five pounds, same technology design skilled Philip Charron, a member of the team that created the device., Charron said the DxtER combines: A wrist and hand detector that checks blood pressure, glucose levels, hemoglobin, white blood cell counts and blood oxygen levels. A spirometer, that could be a device to measure the air capability of the lungs once people breathe into the machine. A chest sensor for observation heart rate, respiration, and temperature. A digital stethoscope that listens to sounds from breathing. All of these devices act with diagnostic software running on a tablet. A person using the DxtER at home will check themselves for anemia, tract infections, diabetes, atrial fibrillation(irregular heartbeat), sleep disorder, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), pneumonia, ear infection, pertussis, high blood pressure, mononucleosis and raised white blood cell counts “A regular consumer will sit down with our device, answer some queries, and it’ll return with a diagnosis,” This Device can also monitor 5 important signs continuously: blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, rate of respiration and blood oxygen levels. All of the sensors are noninvasive. No blood needs to be drawn and nothing must be inserted into the body. Charron aforementioned that his group, Final Frontier Medical Devices, received a $2.6 million award in April for developing the DxtER and demonstrating an accuracy rate beyond 70 %. Final Frontier was to present the DxtER in the week at the annual meeting of the american Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) in san diego. Findings given at conferences are usually viewed as preliminary till they have beenpublished in a very peer-reviewed journal. “Now it’s up to the peers within the scientific community to examine if it works the way it’s speculated to,” said AACC President michael bennett, director of the Palmieri Metabolic Laboratory at Children’s Hospital of philadelphia. “You apply a number of these devices to your body, so answer queries on the tablet concerning your symptoms, just like you’d with a doctor in a very doctor’s office,” Charron aforesaid. The competition, referred to as the Qualcomm Tricorder XPRIZE, kicked off in 2012 and involved 300 completely different engineering teams. “It really was a five-year mission, just like in Star Trek,” Charron said. The Final Frontier team place about a 0.5 million dollars out of their own pockets into the endeavor, which ate up as several as 24,000 hours of combined effort, according to Charron. The team tested its diagnostic software against an approved set of anonymous patient charts, to see if it would accurately diagnose illnesses when provided the proper vital signs and body chemistry readings, Charron aforesaid. For the contest, researchers handed the device to patients with diagnosed medical conditions. The patients had to be able to use the device on themselves, unaided, to accurately diagnose their specific illness. The point was to develop a home health care kit that could help families figure out basic illnesses, preventing unnecessary trips to the emergency room or doctor’s office, Bennett said. Because of this, it was built to be affordable. The DxtER should cost between $200 and $400 retail, Charron said, although insurers might chip in to bring the cost down even lower if the device proves accurate enough to cut down on visits to the hospital or doctor. Alongside home health care, the DxtER also could prove of great benefit for disaster relief, in refugee camps, as part of military medicine, and even as a means that of diagnosis health issues throughout space travel, Charron instructed. The DxtER now will proceed to clinical trials. The device’s accuracy will be tested against tried-and-true equipment now being used in hospitals, and the results will help researchers better hone the diagnostic software, Charron said. James Nichols is the medical director of clinical chemistry at Vanderbilt University school of medicine. He said, “As with any new device, we want to examine what its performance is. we would like it to be reproducible and be correct and compare well with traditionally known tests. once we see however it really performs once it’s place within the hands of laypeople, then we’ll know a little better what still must be found out with the device.” As a part of development, Nichols additional, engineers conjointly ought to think about however the information-gathered by DxtER are going to be uploaded and shared with a human medical aid doctor.

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Drugs Used In Asthma

Asthma  According To WHO, A medical Condition is characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing, which vary in severity and frequency from person to person. In an individual, they may occur from hour to hour and day to day. If you or a loved one has an asthma attack, you must understand the most effective asthma treatments for short-run relief and long-term management. Understanding asthma treatments can modify you to work with your asthma doctor to manage your asthma symptoms daily confidently. When you have Asthma or asthma symptoms, it is essential to understand when to call your doctor to stop an asthma emergency.   Drugs Used In Asthma There are two types of drugs used in asthma, Short Relief And Long Term Asthma Control Medications. Long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers Or Short Term Medications (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Short Term medications  Short Term medications are used as required for speedy, short-term symptom relief during asthma or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. types of quick-relief drugs include: Short-acting beta-agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to quickly ease symptoms throughout an asthma attack. They embrace albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others) and levalbuterol (Xopenex). Short-acting beta-agonists will be taken using a portable, hand-held inhaler or a nebulizer — a machine that converts asthma medications to a fine mist — so they will be inhaled through a mask or a mouthpiece Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications — that include prednisone and methylprednisolone — relieve airway inflammation caused by a severe asthma attack. They will cause serious side effects once used long term. Therefore they are used solely on a short-run basis to treat severe asthma symptoms.   Ipratropium  Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to instantly relax your airways, creating it more comfortable to breathe. Ipratropium is generally used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis. However, it’s usually used to treat asthma attacks.   If you have got an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler will ease your symptoms quickly. However, if your long-term management medications are working correctly, you should not get to use your quick-relief inhaler very often.   Keep a record of how many puffs you employ each week. If you would like to use your quick-relief inhaler more typically than your doctor recommends, see your doctor. You most likely need to change your long-term management medication.   Allergy medications might facilitate if your asthma attack is triggered or worsened by allergies. These include: Omalizumab (Xolair). This medication, given as an associate injection each 2 to four weeks, is specifically for those with allergies and severe asthma attacks. It acts by altering the immune system. Allergy shots (immunotherapy). Over time, allergic reaction shots step by step reduce your immune system reaction to specific allergens. You usually receive shots once every week for a few months, then once a month, for an amount of 3 to 5 years. Long-term asthma management medications: Long-term asthma management medications, usually taken daily, are the cornerstone of bronchial asthma treatment. These medications keep asthma under control regularly and create it less possible you will have asthma. types of long-run management medications include: Long-acting beta-agonists. These inhaled medications, which include salmeterol (Serevent) and formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist), open the airways. Some research shows that they’ll increase the risk of a severe asthma attack, thus take them only in combination with an inhaled steroid. And since these medications will mask bronchial asthma deterioration, do not use them for an acute respiratory disorder. Inhaled corticosteroids. These anti-inflammatory drug medications include fluticasone (Flonase, Flovent HFA), budesonide (Pulmicort Flexhaler, Rhinocort), flunisolide (Aerospan HFA), ciclesonide (Alvesco, Omnaris, Zetonna), beclomethasone (Qnasl, Qvar), mometasone (Asmanex), and fluticasone furoate (Arnuity Ellipta). You may need to use these medications for many days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Not like oral corticosteroids, these steroid medications have a comparatively low risk of side effects and are usually safe for long-run use. Theophylline. Theophylline (Theo-24, elixophyllin, others) could be a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator) by relaxing the airways’ muscles. It is not used as usual now as in past years. Leukotriene modifiers. These oral medications — together with montelukast (Singulair), zafirlukast (Accolate), and zileuton (Zyflo) — help relieve bronchial asthma symptoms for up to 24 hours. In rare cases, these medications are linked to psychological reactions, such as agitation, aggression, hallucinations, depression, and suicidal thinking. Look for medical advice quickly for any unusual reaction. Combination inhalers. These medications — like fluticasone-salmeterol (Advair Diskus), budesonide-formoterol (Symbicort), and formoterol-mometasone (Dulera) — contain a long-acting beta-agonist in conjunction with a steroid. As a result of these combination inhalers have long beta-agonists, they’ll increase your risk of getting a severe respiratory disorder.

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List of Emergency Drugs & Their Doses

When seconds count, understanding the right tools can mean the difference between life and death. This concise guide explores the essential drugs used in emergencies, outlining their applications and the critical situations they address. From calming a heart in distress to clearing blocked airways, we’ll explore how these medications work their magic on a cellular level to restore vital functions. Remember, this is for educational purposes only. In a real emergency, always call emergency services or seek immediate medical attention. Let’s take a look at these powerful medications and explore how they combat various medical crises, from calming a racing heart to clearing a struggling airway.  Hypertensive Emergencies Hypertensive emergencies involve a rapid and severe increase in blood pressure that can damage organs. Medications are used to bring blood pressure down quickly and prevent complications. Drug Class: Antihypertensive (various classes).  Sodium Nitroprusside (IV): Dose: 20-300 mcg/min Description: Preferred for predictable, immediate, and titratable (adjustable) relaxation of both arteries and veins, improving blood flow. Due to potential toxicity at higher doses, close monitoring is essential. Labetalol (for pregnancy-induced hypertension): This medication helps lower blood pressure in pregnant women. Esmolol (alternative to Labetalol injection): In situations where Labetalol injection is unavailable, Esmolol can be used for a similar effect. Nifedipine (sublingual capsule): If injectable medications are not available, nifedipine capsules placed under the tongue can be used for a rapid reduction in blood pressure. Phentolamine or Labetalol (for pheochromocytoma, cheese reaction, or clonidine withdrawal): These medications can help manage hypertensive episodes caused by these specific conditions. Indications Systolic blood pressure higher than 220 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure higher than 120 mmHg with evidence of organ damage. Mechanism of Action Different medications work in various ways to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. General Considerations These medications should only be administered under the supervision of a medical professional in a healthcare setting due to the potential for rapid and significant blood pressure reductions. Cardiovascular Emergencies A variety of emergencies can affect the heart and blood vessels. Medications are used to address symptoms, improve blood flow, and prevent further complications. Coronary Pain Syndromes Stable Angina: Chest pain caused by narrowed coronary arteries that restrict blood flow to the heart. Unstable Angina: Worsening or new chest pain that may indicate an increased risk of heart attack. Drug Class: Nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin) Antiplatelet medications (e.g., aspirin) Indications: Stable angina: Relief of chest pain. Unstable angina: Relief of chest pain and possibly reducing the risk of heart attack. Mechanism of Action: Nitrates: Relax blood vessels to improve blood flow to the heart, reducing chest pain. Antiplatelet medications: Inhibit blood clot formation, which can help prevent heart attacks. General Considerations: Nitroglycerin is typically administered sublingually (under the tongue) for rapid relief of angina symptoms. Aspirin is usually taken orally as a preventive measure. Both medications can cause side effects such as headache and dizziness. Related: Top 101 Common Medicines  Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) A complete blockage of a coronary artery causes heart muscle death. Drug Class: Nitrates Antiplatelet medications Thrombolytics (clot busters) Indications: Treatment of a heart attack to improve blood flow, minimize heart muscle damage, and improve survival rates. Mechanism of Action: It is the same as for angina (nitrates and antiplatelet medications). Thrombolytics: Dissolve blood clots to reopen blocked arteries and restore blood flow to the heart muscle. General Considerations: Timely administration of medications is crucial to minimize heart damage. Nitrates and antiplatelet medications are typically given immediately. Thrombolytics have a narrow window of effectiveness and may not be suitable for everyone due to bleeding risks. Cardiogenic Shock A condition where the heart weakens and cannot pump blood effectively enough to meet the body’s needs. Drug Class: Inotropes (e.g., dobutamine) Vasodilators (e.g., nitroglycerin) Diuretics (e.g., furosemide) Indications: Improve heart function and blood flow, reduce the workload on the heart, and eliminate excess fluid. Mechanism of Action: Inotropes: Increase the force of heart contractions, improving blood circulation. Vasodilators: Relax blood vessels, reducing blood pressure and workload on the heart. Diuretics: Increase urine output to remove excess fluid and improve blood flow. General Considerations: These medications require close monitoring in a critical care setting due to their potent effects on blood pressure and heart function. Cardiac Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms can affect heart rate and blood flow. Drug Class: Antiarrhythmics (various classes) Indications: Vary depending on the specific arrhythmia and its severity. Mechanism of Action: Different medications work in various ways to regulate heart rate and electrical impulses within the heart. General Considerations: Antiarrhythmics can have complex effects on the heart and require careful monitoring and adjustment by a medical professional. Cardiac Arrest The heart stops beating completely, resulting in loss of consciousness and breathing. Treatment: Immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation with an automated external defibrillator (AED) are essential to restart the heart. Medications may also be used in advanced cardiac life support measures. Respiratory Emergencies Conditions that impair breathing and oxygen delivery to the body. Medications can help open airways, reduce inflammation, and improve breathing. Asthma A chronic inflammatory airway disease that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough. Drug Class: Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol) Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) Indications: Bronchodilators: Relieve bronchospasm (airway narrowing) during an asthma attack, improving airflow. Corticosteroids: Reduce inflammation in the airways for long-term asthma management. Mechanism of Action: Bronchodilators: Relax muscles around the airways, allowing them to open wider and improve airflow. Corticosteroids: Suppress inflammation in the airways, reducing airway narrowing and irritation. General Considerations: Bronchodilators are typically inhaled for rapid relief of asthma symptoms. Corticosteroids may be administered orally or inhaled for long-term control. Both medications can cause side effects. Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) A progressive lung disease that causes airflow obstruction. Drug Class: Bronchodilators (similar to those used for asthma) Corticosteroids (may be used in severe cases) Indications: Similar to asthma, medications may be needed on a more frequent basis due to the progressive nature of COPD. Mechanism of Action: Same as for asthma medications. General Considerations: Management focuses on relieving symptoms and slowing disease progression. Epiglottitis A sudden inflammation of the epiglottis (upper part of the larynx) that

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